【正文】 emantically identical and also in plementary distribution ,they are said to be in allomorphs of the same morpheme.　如果兩個(gè)或更多的語子或形素在語義上是一樣的而且處于互補(bǔ)性分布，他們就是同一語素的語素變體。8. Bound morphemes are never found alone as words ,but are always joined with other ，總是和其它詞素合在一起。（2009年10月考題）4. Structurally ,morphemes fall into two kinds : free morphemes and bound morphemes .　從結(jié)構(gòu)上來講，詞素分為兩種：自由詞素和黏附詞素。16. The function of phonological rules is to change a phonemic transcription（音位音標(biāo)） into its phonetic transcription （語音音標(biāo)）.　音位規(guī)則的功能是將音位音標(biāo)改變?yōu)檎Z音音標(biāo)。重音的位置會(huì)導(dǎo)致單詞意義的變化。10. The distinctive features which can only have an effect on one sound segment are called segmental features. 只對(duì)一種聲音切分有影響的區(qū)別性特征被稱為切分特征。6. If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment ,they are said to be in plementary distribution .　如果兩個(gè)或者更多的音從不會(huì)在同一種環(huán)境下發(fā)生，他們就是互補(bǔ)分布。（2009年10月考題）3. Two forms are a minimal pair when they meet three conditions :1)they are different in meaning ,2) they differ only in one sound segment ,3)the different sounds occur in the same position in the strings .When a group of words meet all the three conditions ,they are called a minimal set.　當(dāng)兩種形式符合三種條件他們就是最小對(duì)立體或者最小對(duì)立對(duì)，第一，他們的意思不一樣，第二，他們只有一個(gè)語音切分不一樣，第三，不同的語音在同一個(gè)位置。（2009年10月考題）(2010年1月考題)第四章音位學(xué)填空題或選擇題1. English phonology investigates the sound system of English .It is different from English phonetics, which is concerned with the speech sounds that occurs in the English language .English phonology studies the abstract aspects :the functions of sounds and the sound bination patterns.　英語音位學(xué)研究的是英語的語音系統(tǒng)。18. In English ,nasal vowels occur only before nasal consonants ,and oral vowels before oral consonants。14. When the vocal cords are spread apart ,the airstream is not blocked at the glottis and it passes freely into the vocal tract（聲帶系統(tǒng)） without vocalcord vibration（聲帶振動(dòng)） .The sounds produced in this way are called voiceless consonants .　當(dāng)聲帶被分開，氣流在聲門處沒有阻礙，并且沒有經(jīng)過聲帶振動(dòng)就自由進(jìn)入到發(fā)音系統(tǒng)，以這種方式所發(fā)出的音被稱為清輔音。9. The raising of the soft palate causes the production of oral consonants while the lowering of the soft palate brings about the production of nasal consonants. 軟腭的上提會(huì)導(dǎo)致口腔輔音的形成，而軟腭的下降會(huì)導(dǎo)致鼻腔輔音的形成。5. Acoustic phonetics deals with how a sound is transmitted from the speaker’s mouth to the listener’s ears.　聲學(xué)語音學(xué)研究聲音是如何從說話者的口中傳入聽話者的耳朵中的。2. The vocal tract （發(fā)音系統(tǒng)）can be divided into two parts: the oral cavity and nasal cavity .　發(fā)音系統(tǒng)可以被分成兩種：口腔和鼻腔。18. Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences .語義學(xué)是對(duì)單詞和句子的意義研究。14. Semantic knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the meaning of language ,including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.　語義知識(shí)是當(dāng)?shù)卣Z言者關(guān)于語言意義的知識(shí)，包括單詞意義和句子意義。10. A syntagmatic relation （橫組合關(guān)系）refers to the sequential characteristic of 。6. Langue or petence is abstract and not directly observed ,while parole or performance is concrete and directly observable . 語言或者語言能力是抽象的，是不能直接觀察的，而言語或者語言語用是具體的，是能直接觀察的。（2009年10月考題）2. In de Saussure’s term, langue refers to the system of language and parole refers to the speaker’s speech . 根據(jù)索緒爾的定義，語言指的是語言的體系，而言語指的是說話者的語言。 languages have such design features as productivity ,discreteness ,displacement ,arbitrariness ,cultural transmission ,duality and interchangeability . 人類語言具有以下的甄別性特征：能產(chǎn)性，離散性，不受時(shí)空限制的特性，任意性，文化傳遞性，雙重性和互換性。 完美WORD格式 27037語言學(xué)概論復(fù)習(xí)精華第一章緒論填空題或選擇題1. A symbol consists of two parts : a concrete form and the meaning which it conveys.　一個(gè)符號(hào)由兩個(gè)部分組成：一個(gè)具體的形式和它所表達(dá)的意思。3. Language has two levels .They are grammatically meaningful level and sound meaningless level.　語言有兩個(gè)層次：語法上有意義的層次和聲音上無意義的層次。第二章語言學(xué)填空題或選擇題1. According to John Lyons , general linguistics deals with language in general and descriptive linguistics（描寫語言學(xué)） is concerned with one particular language .　根據(jù)約翰，普遍語言學(xué)把語言作為一個(gè)整體進(jìn)行研究，而描寫語言學(xué)關(guān)注一種特定的語言。5. According to Chomsky ,petence is “the speakerhearer’s knowledge of his language ”.while performance is “the actual use of language in concrete situations”.　根據(jù)喬姆斯基，語言能力是語言使用者所具有的知識(shí)，而語言運(yùn)用是這種知識(shí)在具體情況下的實(shí)際運(yùn)用。9. The synchronic study of a language is concerned with a “state” of a language at a particular point of time.　語言的共時(shí)性研究關(guān)注的是處于某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)的語言所做的描述。13. Syntactic knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about whether a sentence is grammatical or not .　句法知識(shí)是當(dāng)?shù)卣Z言者關(guān)于一個(gè)句子是否合乎語法的知識(shí)。17. Syntax is concerned with how words are bined to form phrases and how phrases are bined by rules to form sentences .　句法學(xué)關(guān)注單詞是如何組合成短語以及短語是如何通過規(guī)則形成句子的。（2009年10月考題）第三章語音學(xué)填空題或選擇題1. Phonetics has three subbranches :acoustic phonetics ,auditory phonetics and articulatory phonetics .語音學(xué)有三種分支：聲學(xué)語音學(xué)