【正文】 語(yǔ)言經(jīng)過(guò)一定時(shí)間階段所發(fā)生的歷史變化。15. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds of all human 。11. Phonological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the sounds and sound patterns of his language .　音位知識(shí)是當(dāng)?shù)卣Z(yǔ)言者關(guān)于他語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)音和語(yǔ)音模式的知識(shí)。7. The scientific method involves four stages：collecting data ,forming a hypothesis , testing the hypothesis , drawing conclusions. 科學(xué)的研究方法涉及四個(gè)階段：收集材料，提出假設(shè)，驗(yàn)證假設(shè)，得出結(jié)論。（2009年10月考題）3. Phonology is the science that deals with the sound system.　音位學(xué)是研究語(yǔ)音系統(tǒng)的科學(xué)。 is a system because every language consists of a set of rules which underlie people’s actual speech or writing .　語(yǔ)言是一種體系，因?yàn)槊糠N語(yǔ)言都是由一套規(guī)則組成的，這些規(guī)則表明了人們的真正語(yǔ)言或書(shū)面形式。 saying language is arbitrary ,we mean we can’t give a sound reason why such a form is pronounced in this way rather than in that way, and why a particular meaning should be indicated by this form rather than by that form..　當(dāng)說(shuō)語(yǔ)言是任意的，我們指我們不能合理地解釋為什么這個(gè)音以這種形式而不是以那種形式發(fā)音。并且為什么以這種形式而不是以那種形式來(lái)表明某種特殊的意義。（2009年10月考題）6. By saying language is creative ,we mean that every language contains an infinite number of sentences ,which ,however are generated by a small set of rules and a finite set of words .當(dāng)說(shuō)語(yǔ)言具有創(chuàng)造性的時(shí)候，我們指每種語(yǔ)言都包括無(wú)數(shù)的句子，而這些句子由有限的規(guī)則和有限的單詞所構(gòu)造的。4. Syntax studies two kinds of rules : phrase structure rules and transformational rules .　句法學(xué)研究?jī)煞N規(guī)則：短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則和轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則。8. Saussure is the father of modern linguistics .　索緒爾是“現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)之父”。12. Morphological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about how a word is formed .　形態(tài)學(xué)知識(shí)是當(dāng)?shù)卣Z(yǔ)言者關(guān)于單詞是如何形成的知識(shí)。（2009年10月考題）16. Morphology examines word formation and the internal structure of words .　形態(tài)學(xué)研究的是單詞的構(gòu)成和單詞的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)。20. A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element in an utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belonging to the same subsystem of the language .　縱聚合關(guān)系是話(huà)語(yǔ)中的一種語(yǔ)言成分和話(huà)語(yǔ)之外的語(yǔ)言成分之間的一種關(guān)系，但是都屬于語(yǔ)言的同一種子系統(tǒng)。一個(gè)元音一般是通過(guò)聲帶振動(dòng)所形成的。(2010年1月考題)7. According to the position of the velum, consonants are divided into oral consonants and nasal consonants .根據(jù)軟腭的位置，輔音被分成口腔輔音和鼻腔輔音。12. In terms of lip rounding ,vowels are classified into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels .　根據(jù)口形，元音被分成圓唇元音和非圓唇元音。（2009年10月考題）16. Stops can be divided into two types: oral stops and nasal stops .塞音或者閉止音可以分成兩種：口腔閉止音和鼻腔閉止音。(2010年1月考題)19. In English ,all the back vowels except [a:] are rounded vowels. 在英語(yǔ)中，除了[a:]之外所有的后元音都是圓唇音。英語(yǔ)音位學(xué)研究是抽象的方面：聲音的功能和聲音的組合方式。4. There are three types of distribution :contrastive distribution ,plementary distribution and free variation .　英語(yǔ)中有三種分布，對(duì)比分布，互補(bǔ)分布和自由變異。8. The distinctive features are the features that can contrast words .　甄別性特征或者區(qū)別性特征是能夠區(qū)別單詞的特征。超切分特征有三種，重音，音調(diào)和連音或者音渡。14. Juncture refers to the phonetic boundary features that may mark grammatical units such as word and clause .　連音是指能夠表示諸如單詞和從句等語(yǔ)法單位的語(yǔ)音分界特征。2. Morphology is a science that examines word formation and the internal structure of words.　形態(tài)學(xué)是一門(mén)研究單詞的構(gòu)成和單詞的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)的科學(xué)。6. Affixes are lexically dependent on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.　詞綴在詞義上是依賴(lài)詞根的，不表達(dá)單詞的重要意思。(2010年1月考題)10. According to function, we can classify affixes into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes . 　根據(jù)功能，我們能將詞綴分成屈折詞綴和派生詞綴。而具有意義但是沒(méi)有形式的語(yǔ)子或形素被稱(chēng)為零語(yǔ)子。(2010年1月考題)17. The constituents which are involved directly in forming a larger constituent are called the immediate constituents /ICs of the larger form.　涉及直接形成一個(gè)更大成分的成分叫做直接成分。21. Generally ,affixation in English may be further divided into two types : prefixation and suffixation . 一般而言，在英文中詞綴法可以進(jìn)一步分為兩種：前綴法和后綴法。（2009年10月考題）25. Clipping refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning and in the part of 。28. Inflectional affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations, such as number ,gender ,tense ,aspect ,case and degree. 屈折詞綴或者屈折詞素，表現(xiàn)的是語(yǔ)法關(guān)系，如數(shù)、性、時(shí)態(tài)、態(tài)、格和級(jí)。（2009年10月考題）2. Syntax is a science that is concerned with how words are bined to form phrases and how phrases are bined by rules to form sentences. 句法學(xué)指的是研究單詞是如何構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)以及短語(yǔ)是如何通過(guò)規(guī)則組合形成句子的。(2010年1月考題)6. Syntactic categories can be further divided into two groups : lexical category（詞匯范疇） ,such as Noun and Verb 。8. In a hierarchical structure diagram of a sentence ,there are three distinct levels or hierarchies : sentence level which is the highest 。the forms at the wordlevel and the phraselevel are the constituents of the sentence 。12. TG Grammar （轉(zhuǎn)換生成語(yǔ)法）claims that the static study of sentences is only concerned with one level of structure , , surface structure ,but the dynamic study of sentences deals with two levels of structure :both surface structure and deep structure .　轉(zhuǎn)換生成語(yǔ)法強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的靜態(tài)研究只涉及一種結(jié)構(gòu)層次即表層結(jié)構(gòu)，但是句子的動(dòng)態(tài)研究涉及兩種結(jié)構(gòu)層次，即表層結(jié)構(gòu)和深層結(jié)