【正文】 4.　Searle classifies illocutionary speech acts into five types :representatives ,directives ,missives ,expressives ,and declaratives .舍爾將言外行為分成五種，闡述類，指令類，承諾類，表達(dá)類，宣告類。11. Different from plementary pairs ,gradable pairs of antonyms have parative and　superlative forms .和互補性反義詞不同的是，可分等級的反義詞有比較級形式和最高級形式。6. Following the theory of Componential Analysis （成分分析法）,we define the meaning of a word as a set of semantic features or semantic ponents with the values :plus(+) or minus ().根據(jù)成分分析法的理論，我們把一個單詞的意思定義為一系列的語義特征或者帶有正值或負(fù)值的語義成分。 deleting an element from the phrase marker .所有的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則都執(zhí)行三種步驟：重組句子成分，在短語標(biāo)記中添加一個新的成分，從短語標(biāo)記中刪除一個成分。也就是說，在深層結(jié)構(gòu)的層次上，屈折結(jié)尾不與動詞連在一起。13. TG Grammar has assumed that to generate sentences ,we start with deep structures and then transform them into surface structures . 轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法認(rèn)為為了構(gòu)造句子，我們首先以深層結(jié)構(gòu)開始，然后將它們轉(zhuǎn)換成表層結(jié)構(gòu)。 word level which is the lowest 。3. The sequential /syntagmatic relation refers to the linear ordering of the words and the phrases within a sentence .序列關(guān)系或者橫組合關(guān)系指的是在一個句子中單詞和短語的線性次序。26. Acronymy is the process by which words are formed by putting the initial letters of several words together .　首字母縮略法是指通過把許多單詞的首字母合并而構(gòu)成新詞的過程。18. Morphological rules are the rules that determine how morphemes are bined to form new words.　形態(tài)學(xué)規(guī)則是指決定詞素是如何組合形成新的單詞的規(guī)則。11. Morphs are related to morphemes in general ,while allomorphs（語素變體） are always related to a specific morpheme.　語子或形素與整體的語素有關(guān)，而語素變體總是跟某一特定的語素有關(guān)。3. A morpheme is defined as a minimal meaningful unit in the grammatical system of a language .　詞素被定義為語言的語法體系中最小的意義單位。12. The position of stress can bring about a change of meaning in a word.。(2010年1月考題)5. If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another brings about a change of meaning they are in contrastive distribution .　如果兩個或者更多的音在同一種環(huán)境下能夠發(fā)生，并且一個語音代替另一個語音會產(chǎn)生意義的改變，他們就是對比分布。20. In terms of tongue position ,vowels can be classified into front ,central ,back ,high ,mid and low vowels .根據(jù)舌頭的位置，元音可以分成前元音，中元音，后元音，高元音，中元音和低元音。13. The space between the vocal cords is called glottis .　聲帶中間的位置被稱為聲門。4. Articulatory phonetics is concerned with how a sound is produced by the vocal organs.　發(fā)音語音學(xué)研究聲音是如何通過發(fā)音器官形成的。17. Syntax is concerned with how words are bined to form phrases and how phrases are bined by rules to form sentences .　句法學(xué)關(guān)注單詞是如何組合成短語以及短語是如何通過規(guī)則形成句子的。9. The synchronic study of a language is concerned with a “state” of a language at a particular point of time.　語言的共時性研究關(guān)注的是處于某一時間點的語言所做的描述。第二章語言學(xué)填空題或選擇題1. According to John Lyons , general linguistics deals with language in general and descriptive linguistics（描寫語言學(xué)） is concerned with one particular language .　根據(jù)約翰，普遍語言學(xué)把語言作為一個整體進行研究，而描寫語言學(xué)關(guān)注一種特定的語言。 完美WORD格式 27037語言學(xué)概論復(fù)習(xí)精華第一章緒論填空題或選擇題1. A symbol consists of two parts : a concrete form and the meaning which it conveys.　一個符號由兩個部分組成：一個具體的形式和它所表達(dá)的意思。（2009年10月考題）2. In de Saussure’s term, langue refers to the system of language and parole refers to the speaker’s speech . 根據(jù)索緒爾的定義，語言指的是語言的體系，而言語指的是說話者的語言。10. A syntagmatic relation （橫組合關(guān)系）refers to the sequential characteristic of 。18. Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences .語義學(xué)是對單詞和句子的意義研究。5. Acoustic phonetics deals with how a sound is transmitted from the speaker’s mouth to the listener’s ears.　聲學(xué)語音學(xué)研究聲音是如何從說話者的口中傳入聽話者的耳朵中的。14. When the vocal cords are spread apart ,the airstream is not blocked at the glottis and it passes freely into the vocal tract（聲帶系統(tǒng)） without vocalcord vibration（聲帶振動） .The sounds produced in this way are called voiceless consonants .　當(dāng)聲帶被分開，氣流在聲門處沒有阻礙，并且沒有經(jīng)過聲帶振動就自由進入到發(fā)音系統(tǒng)，以這種方式所發(fā)出的音被稱為清輔音。（2009年10月考題）(2010年1月考題)第四章音位學(xué)填空題或選擇題1. English phonology investigates the sound system of English .It is different from English phonetics, which is concerned with the speech sounds that occurs in the English language .English phonology studies the abstract aspects :the functions of sounds and the sound bination patterns.　英語音位學(xué)研究的是英語的語音系統(tǒng)。6. If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment ,they are said to be in plementary distribution .　如果兩個或者更多的音從不會在同一種環(huán)境下發(fā)生，他們就是互補分布。重音的位置會導(dǎo)致單詞意義的變化。（2009年10月考題）4. Structurally ,morphemes fall into two kinds : free morphemes and bound morphemes .　從結(jié)構(gòu)上來講，詞素分為兩種：自由詞素和黏附詞素。(2010年1月考題)12. If two or more morphs are semantically identical and also in plementary distribution ,they are said to be in allomorphs of the same morpheme.　如果兩個或更多的語子或形素在語義上是一樣的而且處于互補性分布，他們就是同一語素的語素變體。19. When a new word is formed by putting an affix to the base ,the process involved