【正文】 前者是施為句，既不陳述事實(shí)，也不描述情況，后者是表述句。2.　Usually sentence meaning is abstract and decontextualized while utterance meaning is concrete and contextdependent . 通常句子意義是抽象的，是不依賴語境的，而話語意義是具體的，是依賴語境的。13. The semantic ambiguity which is caused by ambiguous words rather than by ambiguous structures is called lexical ambiguity . 由有歧義的單詞而不是有歧義的結(jié)構(gòu)所導(dǎo)致的語義歧義稱為詞匯歧義。它們之間的關(guān)系稱為反義關(guān)系。它是較高層次和較低層次或者概括意義的詞和具體意義的詞或者上義詞和下義詞之間的一種關(guān)系。4. There are three types of connotation which suggest the speaker’s different attitudes :　positive connotation ,neutral connotation and negative connotation .暗示說話者不同態(tài)度的隱涵意義有三種：積極的隱涵意義，中性的隱涵意義和消極的隱涵意義。26. Technically speaking ,a formalized Trule consists of two parts :the structural description and the structural change .嚴(yán)格來說，一個(gè)規(guī)定的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則有兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成：結(jié)構(gòu)描述和結(jié)構(gòu)改變。24. All transformational rules perform three kinds of operations : rearranging the sentence elements 。21. The verbs in verb phrases are called main verbs 。19. The constituent which is always present on the right side of the arrow in a PS rule is called a pulsory constituent.　在短語結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則里總是出現(xiàn)在箭頭右邊的成分被稱為強(qiáng)制性成分。（2009年10月考題）15. A surface structure corresponds most closely to the linear arrangement of words as they are pronounced . 表層結(jié)構(gòu)最符合單詞的線性排列。11. Each branching point in a phrase marker （短語標(biāo)記法）is called a node .在短語標(biāo)記法中的每一個(gè)分叉點(diǎn)叫做結(jié)點(diǎn)。9. In a hierarchical structure diagram of a sentence ,the forms at the wordlevel are ultimate constituents of the sentence 。7. The　hierarchical relation（等級(jí)關(guān)系） shows us the inner layering of sentences . 等級(jí)關(guān)系為我們表明了句子的內(nèi)部層次。（2009年10月考題）5. The linguistic forms that have substitutional /paradigmatic relations belong to the same syntactic category（句法類型，句法范疇） .有替代關(guān)系或者縱聚合關(guān)系的語言形式屬于同一種句法類型或句法范疇。動(dòng)態(tài)而言，我們檢驗(yàn)用句法規(guī)則構(gòu)造句子的過程。它可以被認(rèn)為是后綴法的反過程。(2010年1月考題)24. Blending is a process in which a pound is made by deleting and bining parts of two words.　混合法是一種通過刪除或者合并兩個(gè)單詞的部分而構(gòu)成一個(gè)復(fù)合詞的過程。20. Free morphemes can be further grouped into lexical morphemes and functional morphemes .自由語素可以進(jìn)一步分成詞匯語素和功能語素。（2009年10月考題）16. All the forms in a treebranch diagram, except the word itself at the top, are the constituents of the word.　在樹形圖的所有形式中，除了頂部的單詞本身，都是單詞的成分。（2009年10月考題）13. A morph that has form but no meaning is called a empty morph while a morph that has meaning but no form is called a zero morph .　具有形式但是沒有意義的語子或形素被稱為空語子。（09年10月考題）(2010年1月考題)9. In terms of position , we may divide affixes into prefixes and suffixes and infixes .　就位置而言，我們可以把詞綴分為前綴，后綴和中綴。5. The root is the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning .詞根是一個(gè)帶有主要意義的單詞中最重要的部分。第五章形態(tài)學(xué)填空題或選擇題1. Semantically ,morphemes can be grouped into roots and affixes .　從語義上來講，詞素可以分成詞根和詞綴。13. Tone languages are languages that use pitch to contrast meaning at word level ,whereas intonation languages are languages that use pitch to distinguish different meanings at phrase level or sentence level .聲調(diào)語言是在單詞的水平上用音高來區(qū)別意義的語言，然而語調(diào)語言是在短語或者句子的水平上用音高來區(qū)別不同意義的語言。（2009年10月考題）11. The distinctive features that can affect more than one sound segment and can also contrast meaning are called suprasegmental features .There are three kinds of them: stress ,intonation and juncture .能夠影響的不止一個(gè)語音切分，而且能區(qū)別意義的區(qū)別性特征被稱為超切分特征。（2009年10月考題）7. If two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for the other does not cause a change of meaning ,then they are said to be in free variation .　如果兩個(gè)音能在同一環(huán)境下發(fā)生，并且一個(gè)語音代替另一個(gè)不會(huì)導(dǎo)致意義的改變，那么他們就是自由變異。當(dāng)一組單詞滿足這三個(gè)條件，他們就是最小對(duì)立集。它不同于英語語音學(xué)，英語語音學(xué)關(guān)注的是英語語言中所發(fā)生的語音現(xiàn)象。在英語中，鼻腔元音只發(fā)生在鼻腔輔音之前，而口腔元音發(fā)生在口腔輔音之前。15. When the vocal cords are nearly touching each other but not pletely closed ,the airstream passing through the glottis has to cause vibration .The sounds made in this way are called voiced consonants.　當(dāng)聲帶幾乎要合但是沒有完全合閉，從聲門所通過的氣流一定會(huì)發(fā)生振動(dòng)，以這種方式所形成的音被稱為濁輔音。10. In English ,there are three nasal consonants .They are m ,n ,n .　 在英語中有三個(gè)鼻腔輔音，它們是m, n, n.11. According to the presence or absence of vocal cord vibration （聲帶振動(dòng)）,the English consonants can be classified into two groups :voiced consonants and voiceless consonants .　根據(jù)聲帶振動(dòng)的有無，英語輔音可以被分成兩種：濁輔音和清輔音。（2009年10月考題）6. Auditory phonetics investigates how a sound is perceived by the listener.　聽覺語音學(xué)研究聲音是如何被聽話者所接收的。3. A consonant is a speech sound in which the airstream from the lungs is either pletely blocked or partially or where the opening is so narrow that the air escapes with audible frication .A vowel is usually produced with vibration of the vocal cords.　輔音是發(fā)音的時(shí)候從肺部呼出的氣流要么是全部阻塞或者部分阻塞，出氣口過窄以至于可以聽到摩擦的聲音。(2010年1月考題)19. A diachronic study is concerned with the historical development of a language over a period of time.　歷時(shí)性研究關(guān)注的是