淺析國際貿(mào)易的基本分類-資料下載頁
2025-04-16 06:41本頁面
【正文】 ase answer the following questions: . What are the four main types of regional trade agreements and what are their main characteristics?Answer: The four main types of regional trade agreements are: (1) a free trade area。 (2) a customs union。 (3) a mon market。 and, (4) an economic union.(1) A free trade area allows goods and services to cross international borders without paying a tariff and without limitations imposed by quotas. Many items, such as labor and environmental issues, are usually left out of the agreement. Example: NAFTA.(2) A customs union is a free trade area plus a mon set of tariffs toward nonmembers. In this situation, members have free trade area with each other and agree to levy the same tariff on imports from nonmembers. Examples: MERCOSUR, and from mid1970s to early 1990s, the European Union.(3) A mon market is a customs union plus an agreement to allow the free mobility of inputs such as labor and capital. Example: the European Union in the 1990s.(4) An economic union is a mon market with substantial coordination of macroeconomic policies, including a mon currency, and harmonization of standards and regulations. Example: the 12 European Union members that participate in the euro.Since most formal agreements bine inplete elements, this classification is more clearcut than the messier reality.6. 1. Graph the supply and demand of a good that is both produced domestically and imported. Assume that the country is not large enough to affect the world price. Illustrate the effects of a tariff on imports. Discuss(a) the ine distribution effects。(b) the resource allocation effects。(c) the effects on domestic production and consumption。(d) the effects on government revenue。(e) the effect on the price of the good.Answers:See Figure in the text.(a) The ine distribution effects are a loss in consumer surplus, some of which is destroyed, but other parts of which are transferred to producers and the government.(b) The resource allocation effects include a production inefficiency from the expansion of relatively higher cost domestic production. The consumption side also experiences a reduction in efficiency, due to squeezing consumers out of the market who value the good more than it costs to buy it.(c) Domestic production rises, consumption falls.(d) Government revenue rises by the amount of the tariff times the number of units imported.(e) The price rises by the amount of the tariff. What four legal procedures do American firms have at their disposal for seeking protection? What are the conditions that would generate a request for each kind of protection?Answer: The four procedures are (1) countervailing duties, (2) antidumping duties, (3) escape clause relief, and (4) Section 301 retaliation. Countervailing duties are granted in response to foreign subsidies。 antidumping duties are granted when a foreign firm sells in the domestic market at a price that is considered too low (less than fair value)。 escape clause relief is granted as a temporary protection against sudden surges in imports。 and Section 301 retaliation is used to punish a nation for some other type of practice that is perceived as conferring an unfair advantage on its firms, or in response to a lack of openness to American goods.
公司管理相關(guān)推薦
鄂ICP備17016276號-1