【正文】 。 Often women feel an unfortable pressure above the pubic bone, and some men experience a fullness in the ，有些男人覺得直腸漲氣。有尿路It is mon for a person with a urinary infection to plain that, despite the urge to urinate, only a small amount of urine is ，盡管有排尿感，只有少量的尿液排出。The urine itself may look milky or cloudy, even reddish if blood is ，甚至血尿。Normally, a UTI does not cause fever if it is in the bladder or ，膀胱或尿道感染不會(huì)引起發(fā)燒。 A fever may mean that the infection has reached the 。Other symptoms of a kidney infection include pain in the back or side below the ribs, nausea, or 、惡心或嘔吐等。 In children, symptoms of a urinary infection may be overlooked or attributed to another 。當(dāng)兒童或嬰兒急躁、食欲不振、原因不明的發(fā)熱而且持續(xù)不退、腹瀉、萎靡不振，應(yīng)考慮患有尿路感染。與Unlike adults, children are more likely to have fever and no other symptom成人不同，兒童更有可能發(fā)燒而且沒有其它癥狀。 This can happen to both boys and 。 如果孩子出現(xiàn)這些癥狀，尤其是尿出現(xiàn)變化，應(yīng)及時(shí)就醫(yī)The child should be seen by a doctor if there are any questions about these symptoms, especially a change in the child39。s urinary 。 How is UTI diagnosed?尿路感染如何診斷？ To find out whether you have a UTI, your doctor will test a sample of urine for pus and ，醫(yī)生將提取尿液樣本測(cè)試尿膿和細(xì)菌。 You will be asked to give a clean catch urine sample by washing the genital area and collecting a midstream sample of urine in a sterile “干凈”的尿液樣本并把收集的尿液樣本裝在無菌容器里。This method of collecting urine helps prevent bacteria around the genital area from getting into the sample and confusing the test ，有助于防止生殖器官周圍的細(xì)菌進(jìn)入樣本而影響檢測(cè)結(jié)果。Usually, the sample is sent to a laboratory, although some doctors39。 offices are equipped to do the ，但通常情況下，樣本要送實(shí)驗(yàn)室。 In the urinalysis test, the urine is examined for white and red blood cells and 、紅細(xì)胞和細(xì)菌。Then the bacteria are grown in a culture and tested against different antibiotics to see which drug best destroys the ，用不同的抗生素做對(duì)抗實(shí)驗(yàn)，看看哪種藥物能最有效地殺死細(xì)菌。This last step is called a sensitivity 。 Some microbes, like Chlamydia and Mycoplasma , can be detected only with special bacterial ，如衣原體和支原體，只有通過特殊的細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)才可檢測(cè)到。當(dāng)患者有UIT癥狀液中有尿路感染，醫(yī)生會(huì)懷疑是患有尿路感染的一種。但普通的細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)不能發(fā)現(xiàn)任何細(xì)菌。如果When an infection does not clear up with treatment and is traced to the same strain of bacteria, the doctor may order some tests to determine if your system is ，而且發(fā)現(xiàn)感染由同一菌株的細(xì)菌引起的，醫(yī)生可能會(huì)要求做一些檢測(cè)，以確定患者的系統(tǒng)是否是正常。One of these tests is an intravenous pyelogram, which gives xray images of the bladder, kidneys, and ，通過X射線照出膀胱、腎臟和輸尿管的圖像。將注入靜脈，拍下一組X光照片An opaque dye visible on xray film is injected into a vein, and a series of x rays is taken. XX。照照片展現(xiàn)了泌尿道的輪廓，即使是很小的變化也能檢測(cè)出來。 If you have recurrent infections, your doctor also may remend an ultrasound exam, which gives pictures from the echo patterns of soundwaves bounced back from internal ，醫(yī)生會(huì)推薦超聲波檢驗(yàn)，通過內(nèi)部器官反彈超聲波的回聲成像。 Another useful test is 。A cystoscope is an instrument made of a hollow tube with several lenses and a light source, which allows the doctor to see inside the bladder from the urethra膀胱鏡是一種由空心管﹑幾個(gè)鏡片和光源組成的器械，使醫(yī)生可從尿道檢查膀胱。 How is UTI treated?尿路感染的治療 UTIs are treated with antibacterial ?；颊卟∈泛湍驒z結(jié)果決定用藥種類和治療期限。 The sensitivity test is especially useful in helping the doctor select the most effective 。 The drugs most often used to treat routine, unplicated UTIs are trimethoprim (Trimpex), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra, Cotrim), amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox, Wymox), nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Furadantin), and ampicillin (Omnipen, Polycillin, Principen, Totacillin).最常用于治療常規(guī)感染的藥物是甲氧芐氨嘧啶（ trimpex ） 、甲氧芐啶/磺胺甲基異惡唑（ bactrim ， septra ，科特林）、阿莫西林（ amoxil ， trimox ， wymox ）、呋喃妥因（ macrodantin ，呋喃坦啶）和氨芐西林（ omnipen ， polycillin ， principen ， totacillin ）。 A class of drugs called quinolones includes four drugs approved in recent years for treating ，即四種在近年來獲得批準(zhǔn)用于治療尿路感染藥物是它們是氧氟沙星（ floxin ）、諾氟沙星（ noroxin ）、環(huán)丙沙星（ cipro ）和曲伐沙星（ trovan ）。 通常情況下，如果沒有并發(fā)阻塞或其它疾病，Often, a UTI can be cured with 1 or 2 days of treatment if the infection is not plicated by an obstruction or other 1或2天的治療就可以治愈。Still, many doctors ask their patients to take antibiotics for a week or two to ensure that the infection has been ，許多醫(yī)生要求病人服用抗生素一至兩周時(shí)間，以確保治愈。Singledose treatment is not remended for some groups of patients, for example, those who have delayed treatment or have signs of a kidney infection, patients with diabetes or structural abnormalities, or men who have prostate ，例如延誤治療或有腎臟感染跡象的患者、有糖尿病的患者或結(jié)構(gòu)異常的病人、或有前列腺炎的男性。Longer treatment is also needed by patients with infections caused by Mycoplasma or Chlamydia , which are usually treated with tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ), or doxycyclin由支原體、衣原體感染的患者需要更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的治療，常用藥物是四環(huán)素、甲氧芐啶/磺胺甲基異惡唑（TMP/SMZ）或強(qiáng)力霉素。隨訪尿檢隨訪尿檢幫助確認(rèn)尿路感染是否治愈。療程完整很重要，因?yàn)榘Y狀可能會(huì)在感染完全清除之前消失。 嚴(yán)重的Severely ill patients with kidney infections may be hospitalized until they can take fluids and needed drugs on their ，直至消除水腫并可獨(dú)立服藥。Kidney infections generally require several weeks of antibiotic 。Researchers at the University of Washington found that 2week therapy with TMP/SMZ was as effective as 6 weeks of treatment with the same drug in women with kidney infections that did not involve an obstruction or nervous system ， 服用甲氧芐啶/磺胺甲基異惡唑療法2周與6周治療女性腦梗塞或中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)紊亂的腎臟感染是一樣有效的。In such cases, kidney infections rarely lead to kidney damage or kidney failure unless they go ，腎臟感染很少導(dǎo)致腎損害或腎功能衰竭，除非未經(jīng)任何治療。 Various drugs are available to relieve the pain of a 。 A heating pad may also 。Most doctors suggest that drinking plenty of water helps cleanse the urinary tract of ，以利于清潔尿路中的細(xì)菌。治療期間，最好不喝咖啡﹑酒﹑忌辛辣食物。And one of the best things a smoker can do for his or her bladder is to quit 。眾所周知，Smoking is the major known cause of bladder 。 Is there a vaccine to prevent recurrent UTIs?有疫苗可預(yù)防尿路感染？ In the future, scientists may develop a vaccine that can prevent UTIs from ing ，科學(xué)家可能發(fā)明一種可以防止尿路感染復(fù)發(fā)的疫苗。 Researchers in different studies have found that children and women who tend to get UTIs repeatedly are likely to lack proteins called immunoglobulins, which fight ，反復(fù)得尿路感染的婦女和兒童往往缺乏能對(duì)抗感染的一種蛋白質(zhì)，即免疫球蛋白。不不感染的婦女和兒童的生殖器官和泌尿道有正常水平的免疫球蛋白。 Early tests indicate that a vaccine helps patie