【正文】 o his shoulder. John called to the carpenter, No, wait! Stay a few days. I39。ve a lot of other projects for you.I39。d love to stay on, the carpenter relied, but, I have many more bridges to build.Vocabulary adjoining: adj.bitter: adj.bulldozer: n. creek: n. explode: v. holler: v.meadow: n. posthole: n.rift: n. Grammar情態(tài)動詞 情態(tài)動詞義稱為情態(tài)助動詞(Modal Auxiliary)，表示說話者的情緒、態(tài)度或看法。情態(tài)動詞本身有一定的詞義，卻沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，不能單獨作謂語，要和動詞原形構(gòu)成復合謂語。一、常見的情態(tài)動詞(can，could，may, might，must，ought to，need，dare)表達 能力、請求、許可、可能、意圖、義務、需要、堅持、敢于等各種情態(tài)意義 1 He can’t swim now, but he could swim across the river when he was young(能力) 2 You could give me a hand with cooking(請求) 3 You can borrow two books at a time from the library．(許可) 4 Almost all big manufacturers need move into the provision of services alongside their traditional activities(需要) 5 I wonder whether I might not have a word with you. (許可) 6 May you have many happy years together．(祝愿) 7 The dialect of one town may be quite different from that of the other town. (可能) 8 You ought to take care of risk factors when you are young. (應該) 9 How dare you do such a thing? (敢丁)二、情態(tài)動詞(will，shall，should，would)表示說話者的意圖、意愿或提議等 1 I will do what I can to get the job done in time. (意愿) 2 You shall not leave your post all day long. (命令) 3 I should go to the cinema if you asked me. (虛擬或禮貌) 4 The hall would seat l,000 people. (功能)三、情態(tài)動詞+have+過去分詞 1 can／could + have+過去分詞 表示對過去發(fā)生事情的可能性推測，常用于否定句和疑問句中。 (1)He can／could not have been there last night. (2) She said that she couldn’t have agreed to his idea. (主句的動詞為過去式，只用Could) 表示過去本來能夠做到的事卻沒有做到，有惋惜和遺憾的語氣。 You could have been more considerate in that situation 2 may／might十have+過去分詞 表示對過去事情可能的推測，might表示更多的不確定性。 (1)I can’t find my keys I may have left them in the classroom yesterday． (2)She might have been hurt in the car accident two weeks ago 表示過去本來可以做的事卻沒有做到．有批評和責備的語氣。 The proposal might have been refused 3 must + have+過去分詞 表示對過去發(fā)生事情的肯定推測。 Since the ditch is full of water, it must have mined last night 4 need + have+過去分詞 常用于否定句，表示過去做了不必做的事。 (1)You needn’t have delivered the yourself, for we can help you (2)You needn’t have made such a long report 5 should／ought to + have + 過去分詞 肯定式表示過去本應做某事(但沒做)；否定式表示過去不該做某事(但做了)， 有不滿和責備的語氣． (1)With all the work finished，I should have gone to the party last night (2)You ought not to have made fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.ExercisePut the following into English by using proper modal auxiliaries.1他妻子虛榮自私，他本不該娶她．2我們本來應該關心由于工農(nóng)業(yè)不可抵擋的擴展加速了物種滅絕的發(fā)生。3這份研究報告可能已經(jīng)改變了關于智力問題的先天和后天之爭。4他不可能去過你家，他不知道你家的地址。5如果走另外一條路，我們可“到得更早些。6商會就合同條款和市政府進行的談判一定已經(jīng)陷入了僵局。7(當時)時問還早，所以他本不必把車開那么快。8在那樣的情況下我本來能夠保持積極的態(tài)度和避免感情沖動。9兩個與心臟病有關的狀況必然使特別老化的大腦雪上加霜了。10她還沒有康復，不該那么早出院。參考譯文：1. His wife is vain and selfish. He ought not to (should not have done) have married her. 2. We should have been concerned about the spasm (一陣的) of extinction, which has been accelerated by the inexorable (exorable可說服的, 可用懇求打動的) (expand) expansion of agriculture and industry.3. The study (research report) may have altered (changed) the nature (.=against) vs nurture debate (爭論) about intelligence. 4. He can’t have been to your home. He didn’t know your address. 5. If we had taken the other way (road/ path), we might have arrived earlier. 6. Trade Union must have been in deadlock negotiation with City Hall (Government) over the terms of contract. 7. It was early, so he needn’t have driven so fast. 8. In that (circlecyclerecycle) circumstance, I could have kept a positive (active) attitude and avoided emotional outbursts. [burst into tears/ laughter(笑聲)]9. Two conditions (symptoms癥狀) linked to heart disease must have been particular (especially) hard (difficult) on the ageing brain. [make sth. go from bad to worse]10. She shouldn’t have left the hospital so soon, for (since/ as) she had not yet recovered. (recovery: n. 康復)Translation增詞法（一）通過英漢詞類的對比可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，漢語巾大量使用的量詞、助詞和語氣詞是英語中所沒有，因此在英漢轉(zhuǎn)換過程中，往往需要根據(jù)漢語的表達習慣，在譯文中適當增加這些詞語從而使譯文的句子完整、通順。這類增詞一般不涉及意義或內(nèi)容，主要是考慮到漢語的搭配習慣，因此可統(tǒng)稱為搭配性增詞。一、增補量詞 在漢語中，量詞除r具有與數(shù)詞構(gòu)成數(shù)量詞的組合功能之外，還有表意功能和概括功能。作為計量單位的量詞，如磅、千克、元、千米等在英語中都是常用詞，因此可以把它們直接轉(zhuǎn)換成相應的漢語詞語即可。但是一些與可數(shù)名詞組合的物量詞，如個、只、件、條、根等，在英語中就無法找到與之完全對等的詞匯．兇此在翻譯過程中就需要根據(jù)漢語名詞的形狀、特征或材料內(nèi)容相應添加。例如： a pen一圭筆 an airplane一架飛機 a pig一蘭豬 a horse一里馬 漢語中用來與動詞組合的動量詞，如遍、同、番、頓等，多數(shù)也是英語巾沒有的．在英譯漢時，可以根據(jù)具體情況加在動詞后面。例如： have a rest歇一下 have a look看一眼Mr. Parsons coughed帕森先生咳嗽了二圭，有些漢語在修飾名詞時．還具有特殊的審美功能。例如a crescent moon一鉤新月 a red sail一輪紅日二、增補語氣助詞 漢語中有許多語氣詞，如“啊”、“吧”、“嗎”、“啦”等，分別表示不同的語氣色彩。這類詞語是英語所沒有的．因此在翻譯中有時需要適當增加，以完整地再現(xiàn)原文的語氣。例如： 1 Don’t take it seriously．I39。m just making fun of you. 不要當真嘛，我只是開個玩笑罷了。 2 He described it (Latvia)its forests，its little villages，its people，their people their fierce nationalismwith an eloquence that could arise only out of deep love for one’s motherland 他描繪它(拉脫維亞)的風土人情——森林啦．小村莊啦．人民啦．人們強烈的 民族主義熱情啦等等，只有深深熱愛祖國的人才能說得如此娓娓動聽。滔滔不絕。三、增補概括詞 英語和漢語都有概括詞，英語中有in short，and so on等等，在翻譯時可以分別譯為“總之”、“等等”。但是很多時候在英語的句子中并沒有概括詞，可是按照漢語的表達習慣這些概括詞叉是必須的．所“翻譯時就要將適當?shù)脑~加入到漢語句子中。例如： 1 you and I 你我兩人 2 militarily, politically and economically 軍事、政治、經(jīng)濟等各方面 3 SinoBritish finks have multipliedpolitical，mercial，educational，cultural， defense，science and technology． 中英兩國在政治、商務、教育、文化、國防和科技等諸多領域的交往成倍增加。Exercise Turn the following sentences into Chinese.1. Beeny had a onechair barbershop (男子理發(fā)店suithairdresser’s shop女子理發(fā)店/ tailor’s shopdressmaker’s女子服裝店) in the neighborhood.2. I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture (lesson) or an argument. [teach sb. a lesson教訓某人]3. A stream was winding its way through the valley and into the rivers.4. Their host (hostess) carved (b