【正文】 iquids having a flash point below 38℃ (100℉ ) such as gasoline, or gaseous fuels such as natural gas, hydrogen, or LPG, will not be dispensed, but repair activities that involve the transfer of such lluids or gases are performed, the classification rules in (1), (2), (3) shall apply. ? (C) Major Repair Garages. TWS Confidential and Proprietary For Internal Use Only 65 電動(dòng)車充電系統(tǒng)與動(dòng)力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況 Special Equipment ? (A) Battery Charging Equipment. ?Battery chargers and their control equipment, and batteries being charged, shall not be located within locations classified in . ? (B) Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment. ?(1) General. □ All electrical equipment and wiring shall be installed in accordance with Article 625, except as noted in (B)(2) and (B)(3). Flexible cords shall be of a type identified for extrahard usage. ?(2) Connector Location. □ No connector shall be located within a Class I location as defined in ?(3) Plug Connections to Vehicles. □ Where the cord is suspended from overhead, it shall be arranged so tat the lowest point of sag is at least 150 mm (6 in.) above the floor. Where an automatic arrangement is provided to pull both cord and plug beyond the range of physical damage, no additional connector shall be required in the cable or at the outlet. TWS Confidential and Proprietary For Internal Use Only 66 電動(dòng)車充電系統(tǒng)與動(dòng)力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況 漏電斷路器 ? GroundFault CircuitInterrupter Protection for Personnel. ?All 125volt, singlephase, 15and 20ampere receptacles installed in areas where electrical diagnostic equipment, electrical hand tools, or portable lighting equipment are to be used shall have groundfault circuit interrupter protection personnel. TWS Confidential and Proprietary For Internal Use Only 67 電動(dòng)車充電系統(tǒng)與動(dòng)力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況 NFPA 70 充電站設(shè)置地點(diǎn) (油庫(kù) ) ? ARTICLE 514 Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities ?(A) Unclassified Locations. □ Where the authority having jurisdiction can satisfactorily determine that flammable liquids having a flash point below 38℃ (100℉ ) , such as gasoline, will not be handled, such location shall not be required to be classified. ?(B) Classified Locations. □ (1) Class I Locations. □ Compressed Natural Gas, Liquefied Natural Gas, and Liquefied Petroleum Gas Areas. ? Table (B) (1) shall be applied where Class I liquids are stored, handled, or dispensed and shall be used to delineate and classify motor fuel dispensing used for the purpose of delineating and classifying aboveground tanks. A Class I location shall not extend beyond an unpierced wall, roof, or other solid partition.[30A:, ] TWS Confidential and Proprietary For Internal Use Only 68 電動(dòng)車充電系統(tǒng)與動(dòng)力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況 Cont’d ? wiring and Equipment Installed in Class I Locations. □ All electrical equipment and wiring installed in Class I locations as classified in shall ply with the applicable provisions of Article 501. Exception: As permitted in . ? Wiring and Equipment Above the Class I Locations. □ Wiring and equipment above the Class locations as classified in shall ply with . ? Grounding and Bonding. □ All metal raceways, the metal armor or metallic sheath on cables, and all noncurrentcarrying metal parts of fixed portable electrical equipment, regardless of voltage, shall be grounded and bonded. Grounding and bonding in Class I locations shall ply with . TWS Confidential and Proprietary For Internal Use Only 69 電動(dòng)車充電系統(tǒng)與動(dòng)力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況 ? 電動(dòng)車基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施牽涉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)繁多 ? 電動(dòng)車基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投入廠商日漸增多 ? 快速充電不僅對(duì)電池是挑戰(zhàn)，對(duì)充電設(shè)施更是挑戰(zhàn) ? 電動(dòng)車基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的設(shè)立也受到電工法規(guī)的要求 結(jié)論 TWS Confidential and Proprietary For Internal Use Only 70 電動(dòng)車充電系統(tǒng)與動(dòng)力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況 電動(dòng)車動(dòng)力電池 TWS Confidential and Proprietary For Internal Use Only 71 電動(dòng)車充電系統(tǒng)與動(dòng)力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況 ? UL 1642 Lithium Batteries ? UL 1989 Standby Batteries ? UL 2054 Household and Commercial Batteries ? UL 2591 Outline for Battery Separators ? UL 2575 Subject 2575 Lithium 1on Battery Systems for Power Tools and Other Appliances UL 電池標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)展史 TWS Confidential and Proprietary For Internal Use Only 72 電動(dòng)車充電系統(tǒng)與動(dòng)力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況 ? 鋰電池 ? 鋰離子電池 ? 鋰離子聚合物電池 鋰離子電池種類 TWS Confidential and Proprietary For Internal Use Only 73 電動(dòng)車充電系統(tǒng)與動(dòng)力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況 典型的充放電特性曲線 .TWS Confidential and Proprietary For Internal Use Only 74 電動(dòng)車充電系統(tǒng)與動(dòng)力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況 ? 因?yàn)殡姵乇旧碛袃?nèi)電阻，所以電池充電時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)熱，放電時(shí)也會(huì)發(fā)熱 ? 電池的充放電就像人吃飯一樣 電池本身的充放電安全性 ? 剩余電量少的時(shí)候，充得快，快滿的時(shí)候充的速度就慢了。 ?充電過(guò)度時(shí)會(huì)有爆炸的危險(xiǎn)，放電過(guò)度，電池會(huì)有報(bào)廢的危險(xiǎn)。 ?工作電流大時(shí)，放電速度快，工作電流小時(shí)，放電速度慢。 ?工作環(huán)境溫度也會(huì)影響充放電的特性。充放電殘余次數(shù)也與過(guò)去的充放電歷史有關(guān)。 ?良好的充放電，有賴于對(duì)電池充放電模式的掌握，以及對(duì)剩余電量的精確評(píng)估（精準(zhǔn)的量 測(cè)電壓與電流與工作環(huán)境溫度）。 TWS Confidential and Proprietary For Internal Use Only 75 電動(dòng)車充電系統(tǒng)與動(dòng)力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況 一般鋰離子電池芯結(jié)構(gòu) TWS Confidential and Proprietary For Internal Use Only 76 電動(dòng)車充電系統(tǒng)與動(dòng)力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況 ? 鋰是化學(xué)周期表上直徑最小也最活潑的金屬。體積小所以容量密度高，廣受消費(fèi)者與工程師歡迎。 ? 鋰化學(xué)特性太活潑，則帶來(lái)了極高的危險(xiǎn)性。鋰金屬暴露在空氣中時(shí)，會(huì)與氧氣產(chǎn)生激烈的氧化反應(yīng)而爆炸。 ? 為了提升安全性及電壓，科學(xué)家們發(fā)明了用石墨及鈷酸鋰等材料一儲(chǔ)存鋰原子。這些材料的分子結(jié)構(gòu)，形成了奈米等級(jí)的細(xì)小單元格子，可用來(lái)儲(chǔ)存鋰幫子。這樣一來(lái)，即使是電池外殼破裂，氧氣地入，也會(huì)因氧分子太大，進(jìn)不了這些細(xì)小的單元格，使得鋰原子不會(huì)與氧氣接觸而避免爆炸。鋰離子電池的這種原理，使得人們?cè)讷@得它高容量密度的同時(shí)，也達(dá)到安全的目的。 鋰金屬電池 VS鋰離子電池 TWS Confidential and Proprietary For Internal Use Only 77 電動(dòng)車充電系統(tǒng)與動(dòng)力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況 ? 鋰鎳鈷電池 ? 鋰錳電池 (CR123A 伏特鋰錳電池 ) ? 鋰鎳電池 ? 磷酸鋰鐵電池 鋰金屬電池正極材料分類與安全關(guān)聯(lián)性 ?鋰鎳鈷電池是鋰鎳電池和鋰鈷電池的固溶體（綜合體），兼具鋰鎳和鋰鈷的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，一度被產(chǎn)業(yè)界認(rèn)為是最 有取代鋰鈷電池的新正極材料，但鈷正極電池在放電的過(guò)程中往往會(huì)形成金屬鋰。因?yàn)榻饘倬哂幸紫┑奶? 性，如果安全措施失效時(shí)，金屬鋰往往引發(fā)燃燒，所以安全性還是無(wú)法有更大突破。 ?鋰錳電池「 LiMnO2(LiMn,“CR”)」的成本低而且安全性比鋰鈷好很多，但循環(huán)壽命欠佳，且高溫環(huán)境的 循環(huán)壽命更差，高溫時(shí)甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)錳離子溶出的現(xiàn)象，高溫造成自放電嚴(yán)重，以致儲(chǔ)能特性差。 ?鋰鎳電池的成本較低且電容量較高，不過(guò)，制作過(guò)程困難且材料性能的一致生和再現(xiàn)性差，最嚴(yán)重的是依 然有安全性問(wèn)題。 ?則同時(shí)擁有鋰鈷、鋰鎳和鋰錳的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但不含鈷等貴重元素，原料價(jià)格低且磷、鋰、鐵存在于地球的 資源含量豐富，不會(huì)有供料問(wèn)題，而且，工作電壓適中 ()、電容量大 (170mAh/g)、高放電功率、可快 速充電且循環(huán)壽命長(zhǎng)，在高溫與高熱環(huán)境下的穩(wěn)定性高，是目前產(chǎn)業(yè)界認(rèn)為較符合環(huán)保、安全和高性能要 求的鋰離子電池。 TWS Confidential and Proprietary For Internal U