風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理(2)-資料下載頁
2025-01-09 07:08本頁面
【正文】 both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer. ? 4. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生的概率可以被估算 （ Should be Definite Loss） ? The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to insurance should, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements. ? 5. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)必須是大量的、同質(zhì)的、分散的 （ A large number of homogeneous exposure units） ? The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the socalled “ law of large numbers,” which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to bee close to expected results. ? 6. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失必須是可以用貨幣衡量的 （ Should be Calculable Loss） ? There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim. ? 7. 特大災(zāi)難事故的發(fā)生概率應(yīng)當(dāng)很小 （ Limited risk of catastrophically large losses） ? Where the loss can be aggregated, or an individual policy could produce exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurers appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. 二、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理與保險(xiǎn) （ Risk Management and Insurance） ? （一）風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是保險(xiǎn)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的共同對(duì)象 ? （二）保險(xiǎn)是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的基礎(chǔ)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理 ? 又是保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的源泉。 ? 1. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理源于保險(xiǎn)管理。 ? 2. 保險(xiǎn)為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理提供了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和科 ? 學(xué)資料。 ? 3. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理是保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的源泉。
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