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【正文】 xpenses ............ (17,200) (17,200) Operating ine ...................................................... $ 30,300 $ 57,800 aVariable cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory ................................................. $ 0 $ 47,500 Variable cost of goods manufactured .......... 285,000b 237,500c Goods available for sale ............................. $ 285,000 $ 285,000 Less: Ending inventory .................................... 47,500 0 Cost of goods sold ...................................... $ 237,500 $ 285,000 b($5 + $3 + $) 30,000 = $285,000. c($5 + $3 + $) 25,000 = $237,500. Firm performance, as measured by ine, has improved from Year 1 to Year 2. 3. Since sales have increased with costs remaining the same, one would expect an increase in ine. Variablecosting ine provides this correspondence, but absorption costing does not. 441 19–16 1. Portland Optics, Inc. VariableCosting Ine Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2020 Net sales ................................................................... $1,520,000 Variable costs: Finished goods inventory, 1/1 .................... $ 20,680 WIP inventory, 1/1........................................... 28,400 Manufacturing costs...................................... 834,000 Total available ......................................... $ 883,080 Finished goods inventory, 12/31 ................ (11,800) WIP inventory, 12/31 ...................................... (50,000) Variable manufacturing costs ............. $ 821,280 Variable selling costs .................................... 121,600 Total variable costs................................ 942,880 Contribution margin .............................................. $ 577,120 Fixed costs: Factory overhead ........................................... $ 175,000 Selling expense .............................................. 68,400 Administrative expense ................................ 187,000 Total fixed costs ..................................... 430,400 Operating ine ................................................... $ 146,720 Finished goods inventory, 1/1: Inventory using full cost ............................................. $25,000 Less: Fixed overhead (1,080 hrs. $4) ................... (4,320) $20,680 Fixed overhead rate: 2020: $130,000/32,500 = $4 per hour 2020: $176,000/44,000 = $4 per hour WIP inventory, 1/1: Inventory using full cost ............................................. $34,000 Less: Fixed overhead (1,400 hrs. $4) ................... (5,600) $28,400 Manufacturing costs: Materials.......................................................................... $ 210,000 Direct labor..................................................................... 435,000 Variable overhead (42,000 hrs. $) .................. 189,000 442 $ 834,000 Variable overhead rate = $198,000/44,000 = $ per hour 19–16 Concluded Finished goods inventory, 12/31: Inventory using full cost ............................................. $14,000 Less: Fixed overhead (550 hrs. $4) ...................... (2,200) $11,800 WIP inventory, 12/31: Inventory using full cost ............................................. $60,000 Less: Fixed overhead (2,500 hrs. $4) ................... (10,000) $50,000 Variable selling costs: Net sales Commission rate = $1,520,000 = $121,600 Fixed selling expense: Total selling expense .................................................. $ 190,000 Less: Variable selling costs ...................................... (121,600) $ 68,400 2. One advantage is that variablecosting financial statements are more easily understood since they show that profits move in the same direction as sales. Absorptioncosting profit, on the other hand, is affected by changes in inventory. A second advantage is that variable costing facilitates the analysis of costvolumeprofit relationships by separating fixed and variable costs on the ine statement. 19–17 1. Actual results: Basic Complete Total Sales .................................................. $84,000 $78,000 $162,000 Less: Variable expense ................ 49,000 54,000 103,000 Contribution margin ............... $35,000 $24,000 $ 59,000 Budgeted results: Basic Complete Total Sales .................................................. $78,650 $78,375 $157,025 Less: Variable expense ................ 50,050 57,000 107,050 443 Contribution margin ............... $28,600 $21,375 $ 49,975 Actual contribution margin ......................... $ 59,000 Budgeted contribution margin .................. 49,975 Contribution margin variance ............. $ 9,025 F 19–17 Concluded 2. Budgeted average unit contribution margin = $49,975/1,000 = $ Contribution margin volume variance = [(700 + 300) – (715 + 285)]($) = $0 3. Basic sales mix data = (700 – 715)($ – $) = $ Favorable Complete sales mix data = (300 – 285)($ – $) = $ Favorable Sales mix variance = $ F + $ F = $525 Favorable 19–18 1. Contribution margin variance = $125,000 – $100,000 = $25,000 Favorable Contribution margin volume variance = (50,000 – 40,000)($)* = $25,000 Favorable *$100,000/40,000 units = $ per unit. 2. Market share variance = ( – )(1,000,000)($) = $25,000 Favorable aActual market share percentage = 50,000/1,000,000 = , or 5%. bBudgeted market share percentage = 40,000/1,000,000 = , or 4%. Market size variance = (1,000,000 – 1,000,000)()($) = $0 444 19–19 1. Party Supplies Cookware Total Salesa....................................................... $ 550,000 $ 787,500 $1,337,500 Less: Variable expensesb .................. 327,250