【正文】 ：包括履行職責(zé)所需要的各種權(quán)利。 ③責(zé)任：是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者必須承擔(dān)的與其權(quán)利相對(duì)應(yīng)的義務(wù)和履行義務(wù)的行為后果。 ④利益：是指與職務(wù)相聯(lián)系的一定報(bào)酬形式。 （ 2）職、責(zé)、權(quán)、利是實(shí)現(xiàn)有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的必要條件。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者必須 實(shí)行權(quán)責(zé)一致原則的必要性在于： ①職務(wù)與權(quán)力分離，就會(huì)使領(lǐng)導(dǎo)工作出現(xiàn)工作的“虛位”。 ②權(quán)利與責(zé)任分離，往往是官僚主義產(chǎn)生于泛濫的基礎(chǔ)。 ③職務(wù)與利益相脫離，會(huì)使領(lǐng)導(dǎo)工作缺乏必要地動(dòng)力。 答：①人才標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問題，是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者選才用人的核心問題。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者衡量人才的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，就是指衡量一個(gè)人是否屬于合格人才的標(biāo)尺或準(zhǔn)則。這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是德才兼?zhèn)?。所謂德，是指思想道德品質(zhì)；所謂才，是指才能和智慧。 ②德才是一個(gè)歷史范疇，不同社會(huì)、不同階級(jí)對(duì)德才的理解是各不相同的。在社會(huì)主義條件下，所 謂德，最主要的就是堅(jiān)持四項(xiàng)基本原則。所謂才，就是要有為人民服務(wù)、為人民造福的本領(lǐng)和才干。 ③在新的歷史條件下，我們黨將人才的德才標(biāo)準(zhǔn)具體化為“四化”方針，這就是干部的革命化、年輕化、知識(shí)化和專業(yè)化。干部的革命化、年輕化、知識(shí)化和專業(yè)化是緊密地聯(lián)系在一起的。它們是辯證統(tǒng)一的關(guān)系。 ④由于人才標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的不同，便形成了任人唯賢與任人唯親的兩條根本對(duì)立的人才路線。我們要堅(jiān)決貫徹任人唯賢的人才路線，反對(duì)以“派”劃線、以“親”劃線的任人唯親的路線。 六、案例分析 (10 分 ) ，影響了產(chǎn)品的 質(zhì)量。工友們給他提了幾次意見，他卻不以為然地說：“洗碗的打碗，不洗碗的當(dāng)然不打碗口羅 !”問題反映到了車間李主任那里，你認(rèn)為李主任應(yīng)該怎樣處理。 答： (1)李主任應(yīng)先找小張師傅談話，講清洗碗與打碗的關(guān)系：洗碗與打碗只是一種可能關(guān)系而不是必然關(guān)系。 (2)幫助小張師傅分析犯老毛病的主客觀原因； (3)幫助小張師傅制訂新的操作方式和方法； (4)關(guān)心小張按新方式操作的狀況，在必要時(shí)給予指導(dǎo)。 造成一個(gè)副食品批發(fā)市場(chǎng)。為此進(jìn) 行了一系列前期準(zhǔn)備，包括項(xiàng)目審批、征地 拆遷、建筑規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)等。不曾想，外地一開發(fā)商已在離此地不遠(yuǎn)的地方率先投資興建了一個(gè)綜合市場(chǎng)，而綜合市場(chǎng)中就有一個(gè)相當(dāng)規(guī)模的副食品批發(fā)場(chǎng)區(qū)，足以滿足附近居民和零售商的需求。面對(duì)這種情況，區(qū)政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)陷入了兩難境地：如果繼續(xù)進(jìn)行副食品批發(fā)市場(chǎng)建設(shè)，必然虧損；如果就此停建，則前期投入將全部泡湯。 請(qǐng)用上述材料分析說明領(lǐng)導(dǎo)科學(xué) 11 的有關(guān)知識(shí)和原理。 提示： (1)這一案例涉及哪些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)科學(xué)知識(shí)和原理 ? (2)你認(rèn)為造成這種境地的原因是什么 ? (3)如果你是該區(qū)政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，應(yīng)該如何作出決定 ? 答：⑴此案例反映了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)決策中信息 原則的重要性。造成這兩種兩難境地的主要原因是沒有很好地堅(jiān)持領(lǐng)導(dǎo)決策的信息優(yōu)先原則。信息是決策的基礎(chǔ)，充分、及時(shí)、全面、有效地信息是科學(xué)決策的前提。某區(qū)政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在決定副食品批發(fā)市場(chǎng)項(xiàng)目之前，顯然缺乏全面細(xì)致的市場(chǎng)調(diào)查，不了解在建的綜合市場(chǎng)特別是其內(nèi)部的副食品批發(fā)場(chǎng)區(qū)。因此盲目決策，匆忙上馬，陷入境地。 ⑵此案例反映了追蹤決策的重要性。當(dāng)原有決策方案實(shí)施后，主客觀情況發(fā)生了重大變化，原有的決策目標(biāo)無法實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí)，要對(duì)原決策目標(biāo)或方案進(jìn)行根本性修訂，這就是追蹤決策。 ⑶走出兩難境地的方案，可以有不同的思路。比如，一種 是迎接挑戰(zhàn)，繼續(xù)興建。但要調(diào)查研究，對(duì)原決策方案進(jìn)行修訂和完善，使得所建批發(fā)市場(chǎng)在規(guī)模、設(shè)施、服務(wù)和管理等方面超過競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，以期在市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中獲勝；另一種是及早決斷，對(duì)原決策方案進(jìn)行根本性修訂，重新考察、確立和論證新的項(xiàng)目，實(shí)行轉(zhuǎn)向經(jīng)營(yíng)。 ，影響了產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。工友們給他提了幾次意見，他卻不以為然地說：“洗碗的打碗，不洗碗的當(dāng)然不打碗口羅 !”問題反映到了車間李主任那里，你認(rèn)為李主任應(yīng)該怎樣處理。 答：⑴李主任應(yīng)先找小張師傅談話，講清洗碗與打碗的關(guān)系：洗碗與打碗只是一種可能關(guān)系而 不是必然關(guān)系。 ⑵幫助小張師傅分析犯毛病的主客觀原因。 ⑶幫助小張師傅制訂新的操作方式和方法。 ⑷關(guān)心小張按新的方式操作的情況，在必要時(shí)給予指導(dǎo)。 A boxer that only has front legs refuses to let his disability hold him back as he charges across a beach with his fourlegged pals.一條只有兩條前肢的拳師犬不愿讓殘疾成為前進(jìn)的障礙，他同其他四條腿的伙伴們一同在海灘上盡情狂奔。 In an adorable video showing his first trip to the beach, Duncan Lou Who can been seen excitedly galloping along the sand and paddling in the Duncan Lou Who 的狗第一次來到海邊的場(chǎng)景，他興奮地在沙灘上飛奔、或是趟水嬉戲。 His exciting day trip was filmed by Panda Paws Rescue, a Washington statebased charity that cares for Duncan and other dogs with special 由位于華盛頓州的慈善組織 Panda Paws Rescue 拍攝，該組織專門照料 Duncan 以及其他有特殊需求的狗。 Despite only having front limbs, the boxer is able to not only balance, but also run really fast and play with the other dogs that joined him for the ， Duncan 不僅能讓自己保持平衡，還能快速奔跑，和其余同他一起遠(yuǎn)足的狗 狗玩耍。He was born with deformed back legs, which were later removed to make the dog more fortable. Duncan 出生時(shí)，它的后肢就是畸形的，此后為了讓他舒服些 ,只能進(jìn)行截肢。His owners, who posted the video on YouTube, said he has a wheelchair but doesn39。t like to use YouTube 上，他們說有一把供 Duncan 使用的輪椅，但是他并不愛用。 39。We let him be free and just walk on his two legs. There is some slow motion in this video, but none of the video has been sped up, this gives you an idea of how fast Duncan really it,39。 his owners said. “我們讓他自由地用兩條腿行走。視頻中有些特意制作的慢鏡頭，但是沒有任何一處做過加速處理，你們可以通過視頻感受到 Duncan 跑得有多快。 ”主人們說。 The thrill of running through the surf was clear to see, as Duncan raced people and dogs across the sand, with his tail wagging excitedly. Duncan 踏著浪花，在沙灘上同其他人及狗賽跑，還興奮地?fù)u著尾巴，他的喜悅之情顯而易見。Duncan39。s owners have described him as a 39。trooper39。, adding on charity39。s Facebook page: 39。He39。s happy, healthy and as far as he knows, normal too.39。主人們用 “騎兵 ”一詞來形容 Duncan，他們?cè)诮M織的 Facebook 中寫道： “他很快樂，也 很健康；而且在他自己看來，他是條正常的狗。 ”39。It would be the best if he had four legs, of course, but his body wasn39。t built to have back legs and that39。s OK. He and we have just adapted.39。 “他如果能有四條腿當(dāng)然最好，但是他天生就失去了后肢，這也沒什么關(guān) 系 ， 無 論 是 他 還 是 我 們 都 已 經(jīng) 適 應(yīng) 了 這 一點(diǎn)。 ” I39。m thankful to PSG for giving me the opportunity to continue but I feel now is the right time to finish my career, playing at the highest level. If you had told me as a young boy I would have played for and won trophies with my boyhood club Manchester United, proudly captained and played for my country over one hundred times and lined up for some of the biggest clubs in the world, I would have told you it was a fantasy. I39。m fortunate to have realised those this day, one of my proudest achievements is captaining my country. I knew every time I wore the Three Lions shirt, I was not only following in a long line of great players, I was also representing every fan that cared passionately about their country. I am honoured to represent England both on and off the wouldn39。t have achieved what I have done today without my family. I39。m grateful for my parents39。 sacrifice, which made me realise my dreams. I owe everything to Victoria and the kids, who have given me the inspiration and support to play at the highest level for such a long period. I also want to thank Simon Fuller and his team for their continued support. I want to thank all my teammates, the great managers that I had the pleasure of learning from. I also want to thank the fans who have all supported me and given me the strength to succeed. Nothing will ever pletely replace playing the game I love, however I feel like I39。m starting a new adventure and I39。m genuinely excited about what lies ahead. I39。m fortunate to have been given many opportunities throughout my career and now I feel it39。s my time to give back.