【正文】 ：包括履行職責所需要的各種權利。 ③責任：是領導者必須承擔的與其權利相對應的義務和履行義務的行為后果。 ④利益：是指與職務相聯系的一定報酬形式。 （ 2）職、責、權、利是實現有效領導的必要條件。領導者必須 實行權責一致原則的必要性在于： ①職務與權力分離，就會使領導工作出現工作的“虛位”。 ②權利與責任分離，往往是官僚主義產生于泛濫的基礎。 ③職務與利益相脫離，會使領導工作缺乏必要地動力。 答：①人才標準問題，是領導者選才用人的核心問題。領導者衡量人才的標準，就是指衡量一個人是否屬于合格人才的標尺或準則。這個標準就是德才兼?zhèn)?。所謂德，是指思想道德品質；所謂才，是指才能和智慧。 ②德才是一個歷史范疇，不同社會、不同階級對德才的理解是各不相同的。在社會主義條件下，所 謂德，最主要的就是堅持四項基本原則。所謂才，就是要有為人民服務、為人民造福的本領和才干。 ③在新的歷史條件下，我們黨將人才的德才標準具體化為“四化”方針，這就是干部的革命化、年輕化、知識化和專業(yè)化。干部的革命化、年輕化、知識化和專業(yè)化是緊密地聯系在一起的。它們是辯證統一的關系。 ④由于人才標準的不同，便形成了任人唯賢與任人唯親的兩條根本對立的人才路線。我們要堅決貫徹任人唯賢的人才路線，反對以“派”劃線、以“親”劃線的任人唯親的路線。 六、案例分析 (10 分 ) ，影響了產品的 質量。工友們給他提了幾次意見，他卻不以為然地說：“洗碗的打碗，不洗碗的當然不打碗口羅 !”問題反映到了車間李主任那里，你認為李主任應該怎樣處理。 答： (1)李主任應先找小張師傅談話，講清洗碗與打碗的關系：洗碗與打碗只是一種可能關系而不是必然關系。 (2)幫助小張師傅分析犯老毛病的主客觀原因； (3)幫助小張師傅制訂新的操作方式和方法； (4)關心小張按新方式操作的狀況，在必要時給予指導。 造成一個副食品批發(fā)市場。為此進 行了一系列前期準備，包括項目審批、征地 拆遷、建筑規(guī)劃設計等。不曾想，外地一開發(fā)商已在離此地不遠的地方率先投資興建了一個綜合市場，而綜合市場中就有一個相當規(guī)模的副食品批發(fā)場區(qū)，足以滿足附近居民和零售商的需求。面對這種情況，區(qū)政府領導陷入了兩難境地：如果繼續(xù)進行副食品批發(fā)市場建設，必然虧損；如果就此停建，則前期投入將全部泡湯。 請用上述材料分析說明領導科學 11 的有關知識和原理。 提示： (1)這一案例涉及哪些領導科學知識和原理 ? (2)你認為造成這種境地的原因是什么 ? (3)如果你是該區(qū)政府領導，應該如何作出決定 ? 答：⑴此案例反映了領導決策中信息 原則的重要性。造成這兩種兩難境地的主要原因是沒有很好地堅持領導決策的信息優(yōu)先原則。信息是決策的基礎，充分、及時、全面、有效地信息是科學決策的前提。某區(qū)政府領導在決定副食品批發(fā)市場項目之前，顯然缺乏全面細致的市場調查，不了解在建的綜合市場特別是其內部的副食品批發(fā)場區(qū)。因此盲目決策，匆忙上馬，陷入境地。 ⑵此案例反映了追蹤決策的重要性。當原有決策方案實施后，主客觀情況發(fā)生了重大變化，原有的決策目標無法實現時，要對原決策目標或方案進行根本性修訂，這就是追蹤決策。 ⑶走出兩難境地的方案，可以有不同的思路。比如，一種 是迎接挑戰(zhàn)，繼續(xù)興建。但要調查研究，對原決策方案進行修訂和完善，使得所建批發(fā)市場在規(guī)模、設施、服務和管理等方面超過競爭對手，以期在市場競爭中獲勝；另一種是及早決斷，對原決策方案進行根本性修訂，重新考察、確立和論證新的項目，實行轉向經營。 ，影響了產品的質量。工友們給他提了幾次意見，他卻不以為然地說：“洗碗的打碗，不洗碗的當然不打碗口羅 !”問題反映到了車間李主任那里，你認為李主任應該怎樣處理。 答：⑴李主任應先找小張師傅談話，講清洗碗與打碗的關系：洗碗與打碗只是一種可能關系而 不是必然關系。 ⑵幫助小張師傅分析犯毛病的主客觀原因。 ⑶幫助小張師傅制訂新的操作方式和方法。 ⑷關心小張按新的方式操作的情況，在必要時給予指導。 A boxer that only has front legs refuses to let his disability hold him back as he charges across a beach with his fourlegged pals.一條只有兩條前肢的拳師犬不愿讓殘疾成為前進的障礙，他同其他四條腿的伙伴們一同在海灘上盡情狂奔。 In an adorable video showing his first trip to the beach, Duncan Lou Who can been seen excitedly galloping along the sand and paddling in the Duncan Lou Who 的狗第一次來到海邊的場景，他興奮地在沙灘上飛奔、或是趟水嬉戲。 His exciting day trip was filmed by Panda Paws Rescue, a Washington statebased charity that cares for Duncan and other dogs with special 由位于華盛頓州的慈善組織 Panda Paws Rescue 拍攝，該組織專門照料 Duncan 以及其他有特殊需求的狗。 Despite only having front limbs, the boxer is able to not only balance, but also run really fast and play with the other dogs that joined him for the ， Duncan 不僅能讓自己保持平衡，還能快速奔跑，和其余同他一起遠足的狗 狗玩耍。He was born with deformed back legs, which were later removed to make the dog more fortable. Duncan 出生時，它的后肢就是畸形的，此后為了讓他舒服些 ,只能進行截肢。His owners, who posted the video on YouTube, said he has a wheelchair but doesn39。t like to use YouTube 上，他們說有一把供 Duncan 使用的輪椅，但是他并不愛用。 39。We let him be free and just walk on his two legs. There is some slow motion in this video, but none of the video has been sped up, this gives you an idea of how fast Duncan really it,39。 his owners said. “我們讓他自由地用兩條腿行走。視頻中有些特意制作的慢鏡頭，但是沒有任何一處做過加速處理，你們可以通過視頻感受到 Duncan 跑得有多快。 ”主人們說。 The thrill of running through the surf was clear to see, as Duncan raced people and dogs across the sand, with his tail wagging excitedly. Duncan 踏著浪花，在沙灘上同其他人及狗賽跑，還興奮地搖著尾巴，他的喜悅之情顯而易見。Duncan39。s owners have described him as a 39。trooper39。, adding on charity39。s Facebook page: 39。He39。s happy, healthy and as far as he knows, normal too.39。主人們用 “騎兵 ”一詞來形容 Duncan，他們在組織的 Facebook 中寫道： “他很快樂，也 很健康；而且在他自己看來，他是條正常的狗。 ”39。It would be the best if he had four legs, of course, but his body wasn39。t built to have back legs and that39。s OK. He and we have just adapted.39。 “他如果能有四條腿當然最好，但是他天生就失去了后肢，這也沒什么關 系 ， 無 論 是 他 還 是 我 們 都 已 經 適 應 了 這 一點。 ” I39。m thankful to PSG for giving me the opportunity to continue but I feel now is the right time to finish my career, playing at the highest level. If you had told me as a young boy I would have played for and won trophies with my boyhood club Manchester United, proudly captained and played for my country over one hundred times and lined up for some of the biggest clubs in the world, I would have told you it was a fantasy. I39。m fortunate to have realised those this day, one of my proudest achievements is captaining my country. I knew every time I wore the Three Lions shirt, I was not only following in a long line of great players, I was also representing every fan that cared passionately about their country. I am honoured to represent England both on and off the wouldn39。t have achieved what I have done today without my family. I39。m grateful for my parents39。 sacrifice, which made me realise my dreams. I owe everything to Victoria and the kids, who have given me the inspiration and support to play at the highest level for such a long period. I also want to thank Simon Fuller and his team for their continued support. I want to thank all my teammates, the great managers that I had the pleasure of learning from. I also want to thank the fans who have all supported me and given me the strength to succeed. Nothing will ever pletely replace playing the game I love, however I feel like I39。m starting a new adventure and I39。m genuinely excited about what lies ahead. I39。m fortunate to have been given many opportunities throughout my career and now I feel it39。s my time to give back.