【正文】 管理作為追求有效增進(jìn)與公平分配社會公共利益的調(diào)控活動，其價值觀念不應(yīng)當(dāng)只片面追求效率，更應(yīng)追求公平。進(jìn)入知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時代，連企業(yè)管理的目標(biāo)模式都從注重經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)向更注重社會目標(biāo)，公共管理的價值目標(biāo)當(dāng)然應(yīng)當(dāng)是公平優(yōu)位。公共政策作為為公共事務(wù)管理活動所制定的行為準(zhǔn)則，其價值目標(biāo)也應(yīng)當(dāng)是公平優(yōu)位。 （ 3）科學(xué)化觀念。在知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時代， 政策主體一定要樹立科學(xué)政策理念。應(yīng)及時搜集、整理、編輯、存儲與傳輸有關(guān)信息的計算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，得以運用到公共政策過程中來，從而減少了信息搜集的不完全性和信息傳輸?shù)氖д鏅C(jī)率；另一方面，知識經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展為現(xiàn)代化的公共政策提供了許多專業(yè)化的管理人才，這更使得公共政策主體運用科學(xué)的決策方法、遵循科學(xué)程序進(jìn)行決策成為可能。 （ 4）民主化觀念。知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時代是民主參與的大眾化時代。知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時代政策信息的公開化以及公民文化素質(zhì)的提高，使得大眾參與經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會、政治決策的需求越來越強(qiáng)烈。公民直接參與公共政策成為知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時代民主政治的 邏輯起點和核心內(nèi)容。知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時代公共政策的民主化不僅僅指政策方式方法的民主化，而且指政策目標(biāo)的民主化。 （ 5）法制化觀念。在知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時代，為確保公共政策的民主化程度不斷提高，還需要政策主體樹立依法決策的觀念。依法決策意味著公共政策的制定和實施要以法律、公共管理職能和法定的政策權(quán)限為依據(jù)，公共政策的內(nèi)容不能與國家的法律法規(guī)相違背，不能超越法定政策權(quán)限，同時要避免沿用行政命令或強(qiáng)制性手段來解決公共問題，避免超越法律的主觀隨意性和長官意志。 （ 6）創(chuàng)新超前觀念。知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時代的政策主體必須樹立超前觀念。要高度前 瞻性地預(yù)見一定時期的社會政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化各方面的發(fā)展情況，確保公共政策的超前性。知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時代的政策主體還必須樹立創(chuàng)新觀念。 47. 試論述你如何理解燃油稅的遲遲未出臺？ 答：開征燃油稅是為一般了解決人民群眾反映強(qiáng)烈的公路“三亂”（亂收費、亂罰款、亂攤派）問題。其長期目標(biāo)是，從根本上減輕企事業(yè)單位和人民群眾的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)、理順稅費關(guān)系、促進(jìn)社會穩(wěn)定和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。燃油稅政策遲遲不能出臺的主要原因在于：油價居高和波動，導(dǎo)致燃油稅實施條件的不確定。具體分析，請參看教材第 261262 頁。 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容 ， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?！【 China39。s 10 mustsee animations】 The Chinese animation industry has seen considerable growth in the last several years. It went through a golden age in the late 1970s and 1980s when successively brilliant animation work was produced. Here are 10 mustsee classics from China39。s animation outpouring that are not to be missed. Let39。s recall these colorful images that brought the country great joy. Calabash Brothers Calabash Brothers (Chinese: 葫蘆娃 ) is a Chinese animation TV series produced by Shanghai Animation Film Studio. In the 1980s the series was one of the most popular animations in China. It was released at a point when the Chinese animation industry was in a relatively downed state pared to the rest of the international munity. Still, the series was translated into 7 different languages. The episodes were produced with a vast amount of papercut animations. Black Cat Detective Black Cat Detective (Chinese: 黑貓警長 ) is a Chinese animation television series produced by the Shanghai Animation Film Studio. It is sometimes known as Mr. Black. The series was originally aired from 1984 to 1987. In June 2021, a rebroadcasting of the original series was announced. Critics bemoan the series39。 violence, and lack of suitability for children39。s education. Proponents of the show claim that it is merely for entertainment. Effendi Effendi, meaning sir and teacher in Turkish, is the respectful name for people who own wisdom and knowledge. The hero39。s real name was Nasreddin. He was wise and witty and, more importantly, he had the courage to resist the exploitation of noblemen. He was also full of passion and tried his best to help poor people. Adventure of Shuke and Beita【舒克與貝塔】 Adventure of Shuke and Beita (Chinese: 舒克和貝塔 ) is a classic animation by Zheng Yuanjie, who is known as King of Fairy Tales in China. Shuke and Beita are two mice who don39。t want to steal food like other mice. Shuke became a pilot and Beita became a tank driver, and the pair met accidentally and became good friends. Then they befriended a boy named Pipilu. With the help of PiPilu, they cofounded an airline named Shuke Beita Airlines to help other animals. Although there are only 13 episodes in this series, the content is very pact and attractive. The animation shows the preciousness of friendship and how people should be brave when facing difficulties. Even adults recalling this animation today can still feel touched by some scenes. Secrets of the Heavenly Book Secrets of the Heavenly Book, (Chinese: 天書奇談 ) also referred to as Legend of the Sealed Book or Tales about the Heavenly Book, was released in 1983. The film was produced with rigorous dubbing and fluid bination of music and vivid animations. The story is based on the classic literature Ping Yao Zhuan, meaning The Suppression of the Demons by Feng Menglong. Yuangong, the deacon, opened the shrine and exposed the holy book to the human world. He carved the book39。s contents on the stone wall of a white cloud cave in the mountains. He was then punished with guarding the book for life by the jade emperor for breaking heaven39。s law. In order to pass this holy book to human beings, he would have to get by the antagonist fox. The whole animation is characterized by charming Chinese painting, including pavilions, ancient architecture, rippling streams and crowded markets, which fully demonstrate the unique beauty of China39。s natural scenery. Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf【喜洋洋與灰太狼】 Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf (Chinese:喜羊羊與灰太狼 ) is a Chinese animated television series. The show is about a group of goats living on the Green Pasture, and the story revolves around a clumsy wolf who wants to eat them. It is a popular domestic animation series and has been adapted into movies. Nezha Conquers the Dragon King（ Chinese: 哪吒鬧海） is an outstanding animation issued by the Ministry of Culture in 1979 and is based on an episode from the Chinese mythological novel Fengshen Yanyi. A mother gave birth to a ball of flesh shaped like a lotus bud. The father, Li Jing, chopped open the ball, and beautiful boy, Nezha, sprung out. One day, when Nezha was seven years old, he went to the nearby seashore for a swim and killed the third son of the Dragon King who was persecuting local residents. The story primarily revolves around the Dragon King39。s feud with Nezha over his son39。s death. Through bravery and wit, Nezha finally broke into the underwater palace and successfully defeated him. The film shows various kinds of attractive sceneries and the traditional culture of China, such as spectacular mountains, elegant sea waves and exquisite ancient Chinese clothes. It has received a variety of awards. Havoc in Heaven The story of Havoc in Heaven（ Chinese: 大鬧天宮） is based on the e