【導(dǎo)讀】《國(guó)際統(tǒng)一私法協(xié)會(huì)國(guó)際商事合同通則》。第條(無形式要求。第二章合同的訂立與代理權(quán)。第三章合同的效力。第四章合同的解釋。第五章合同的內(nèi)容。第六章合同的履行。第條第三節(jié)合同的轉(zhuǎn)讓。通則旨在為國(guó)際商事合同制定一般規(guī)則。在當(dāng)事人約定其合同受通則管轄時(shí)，應(yīng)適用通則。

　　

【正文】 gent with the consent of the principal undertakes to bee the party to the contract. 第 (隱名代理 ) ARTICLE (Agency undisclosed) (1)當(dāng)代理人在其權(quán)限范圍內(nèi)行事，但 第三 方既不知道也不應(yīng)知道代理人是作為代理人行事時(shí)，則代理人的行為將僅影響代理人與 第三 方之間的關(guān)系。 (1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party neither knew nor ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party. (2)然而，代理人當(dāng)代表一個(gè)商業(yè)與 第三 方達(dá)成合同時(shí)，聲稱是該商業(yè)的所有 人，則 第三 方在發(fā)現(xiàn)該商業(yè)的真實(shí)所有者后，可以向后者行使其對(duì)代理人的權(quán)利。 (2) However, where such an agent, when contracting with the third party on behalf of a business, represents itself to be the owner of that business, the third party, upon discovery of the real owner of the business, may exercise also against the latter the rights it has against the agent. 第 (代理人無權(quán)或越權(quán)行事 ) ARTICLE (Agent acting without or exceeding its authority) (1)代理人沒有代理權(quán)或超越代理權(quán)行事時(shí)，其行為不影響委托人和 第三 方之間的法律關(guān)系。 (1) Where an agent acts without authority or exceeds its authority, its acts do not affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party. 15 (2)但是，當(dāng)本人造成 第三 方合理地認(rèn)為代理人有 權(quán)代表本人行事，且代理人是在該權(quán)限范圍內(nèi)行事時(shí)，則本人不得以代理人無代理權(quán)為由對(duì)抗 第三 方。 (2) However, where the principal causes the third party reasonably to believe that the agent has authority to act on behalf of the principal and that the agent is acting within the scope of that authority, the principal may not invoke against the third party the lack of authority of the agent. 第 (代理人無權(quán)或越權(quán)行事的責(zé)任 ) ARTICLE (Liability of agent acting without or exceeding its authority) (1)沒有代理權(quán)或超越代理權(quán)行事的代理人，如未經(jīng)本人追認(rèn)，則應(yīng)對(duì) 第三 人承擔(dān)將其恢復(fù)至如同代理人有代理權(quán)或未超越代理權(quán)行事時(shí) 第三 方應(yīng)處的同等狀況 的責(zé)任。 (1) An agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority is, failing ratification by the principal, liable for damages that will place the third party in the same position as if the agent had acted with authority and not exceeded its authority. (2)但是，如果 第三 方已知或應(yīng)知代理人沒有代理權(quán)或超越代理權(quán)，則代理人不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。 (2) However, the agent is not liable if the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent had no authority or was exceeding its authority. 第 (利益沖突 ) ARTICLE (Conflict of interests) (1)如果代理人締結(jié)的 合同涉及到代理人與本人存在利益沖突，而且 第三 方已知或應(yīng)知這一情況，則本人可主張合同無效。主張無效的權(quán)利由 第 條和 第 條至 第 。 (1) If a contract concluded by an agent involves the agent in a conflict of interests with the principal of which the third party knew or ought to have known, the principal may avoid the contract. The right to avoid is subject to Articles and to . (2)但是，本人在以下情況不得主張合同無效 : (2) However, the principal may not avoid the contract(a)本人已經(jīng)同意，或已知或應(yīng)知代理人涉及利益沖突 ?；? (a) if the principal had consented to, or knew or ought to have known of, the agent’s involvement in the conflict of interests。 or (b)代理人已經(jīng)披露與本人的利益沖突，但本人在合理時(shí)間內(nèi)并未提出反對(duì)。 (b) if the agent had disclosed the conflict of interests to the principal and the latter had not objected within a reasonable time. 第 (次代理 ) ARTICLE (Subagency) 代理人有指定次代理人履行那些非合理預(yù)期代理人本身履行的行為的默示權(quán)力。本節(jié)的規(guī)則適用于次代理。 An agent has implied authority to appoint a subagent to perform acts which it is not reasonable to expect the agent to perform itself. The rules of this Section apply to the subagency. 第 (追認(rèn) ) ARTICLE (Ratification) (1)代理人沒有代理權(quán)或超越代理權(quán)的行為可由本人追認(rèn)。經(jīng)追認(rèn)的行為如同代理人自始就依代理權(quán)行事產(chǎn)生同樣的效力。 (1) An act by an agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority may be ratified by the principal. On ratification the act produces the same effects as if it had initially been carried out with authority. (2)第三 方可以通知本人在一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)追認(rèn)。本人如未在該時(shí)間內(nèi)追認(rèn)，則不能再予追認(rèn)。 (2) The third party may by notice to the principal specify a reasonable period of time for ratification. If the 16 principal does not ratify within that period of time it can no longer do so. (3)如果在代理人行事時(shí)， 第三 方既不知也不應(yīng)知代理人無權(quán)代理，則 第三 方可在本人追認(rèn)前，隨時(shí)通知本人表示拒絕受追認(rèn)的約束。 (3) If, at the time of the agent’s act, the third party neither knew nor ought to have known of the lack of authority, it may, at any time before ratification, by notice to the principal indicate its refusal to bee bound by a ratification. 第 (代理權(quán)終止 ) ARTICLE (Termination of authority) (1)代理權(quán)的終止對(duì) 第三 方不產(chǎn)生效力，除非 第三 方已知或應(yīng)知這一情況。 (1) Termination of authority is not effective in relation to the third party unless the third party knew or ought to have known of it. (2)盡管代理權(quán)終止，但代理人仍有權(quán)為防止損害本人利益采取必 要的行為 。 (2) Notwithstanding the termination of its authority, an agent remains authorised to perform the acts that are necessary to prevent harm to the principal’s interests. 第三 章 合同的效力 CHAPTER 3 — VALIDITY 第 (未涉及事項(xiàng) ) ARTICLE (Matters not covered) 通則不處理由以下原因而導(dǎo)致的合同無效 : These Principles do not deal with invalidity arising from (a)無行為能力 。 (a) lack of capacity。 (b)不道德或非法。 (b) immorality or illegality. 第 (協(xié)議的效力 ) ARTICLE (Validity of mere agreement) 合同僅由雙方的協(xié)議訂立、修改或終止，除此別無其他要求。 A contract is concluded, modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the parties, without any further requirement. 第 (自始不能 ) ARTICLE (Initial impossibility) (1)合同訂立時(shí)不能履行所承擔(dān)之義務(wù)的事實(shí)本身，不影響合同的效力。 (1) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract the performance of the obligation assumed was impossible does not affect the validity of the contract. (2)合同訂立時(shí)一方當(dāng)事人無權(quán)處置與該合同相關(guān)聯(lián)之財(cái)產(chǎn)的事實(shí)本身，不影響合同的效力。 (2) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract a party was not entitled to dispose of the assets to which the contract relates does not affect the validity of the contract. 第 (錯(cuò)誤的定義 ) ARTICLE (Definition of mistake) 錯(cuò)誤是指對(duì)合同訂立時(shí)已經(jīng)存在的事實(shí)或法律所做的不正確的假設(shè)。 Mistake is an erroneous assumption relating to facts or to law existing when the contract was concluded. 17 第 (相關(guān)錯(cuò)誤 ) ARTICLE (Relevant mistake) (1)一方當(dāng)事人可因錯(cuò)誤而宣告合同無效，此錯(cuò)誤在訂立合同時(shí)如此之重大，以至于一個(gè)通情達(dá)理的人處在與犯錯(cuò)誤之當(dāng)事人的相同情況之下，如果知道事實(shí)真相，就會(huì)按實(shí)質(zhì)不同的條款訂立合同，或根本不會(huì)訂立合同，并且 (1) A party may only avoid the contract for mistake if, when the contract was concluded, t