【正文】 — GENERAL PROVISIONS 第 (締約自由 ) ARTICLE (Freedom of contract) 當(dāng)事人可自由訂立合同并確定合同的內(nèi)容。 The parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its content. 7 第 (無形式要求 ) ARTICLE (No form required) 通則不要求合同、聲明或其他任何行為必須以特定形式作出或以特定形式證明。合同可通過包括證人在內(nèi)的任何形式證明。 Nothing in these Principles requires a contract, statement or any other act to be made in or evidenced by a particular form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses. 第 (合同的約束性 ) ARTICLE (Binding character of contract) 有效訂立的合同對當(dāng)事人均具有約束力。當(dāng)事人僅能根據(jù)合同的條款，或通過協(xié)議，或根據(jù)通則的規(guī)定修改或終止合同。 A contract validly entered into is binding upon the parties. It can only be modified or terminated in accordance with its terms or by agreement or as otherwise provided in these Principles. 第 (強(qiáng)制性規(guī)則 ) ARTICLE (Mandatory rules) 通則的任何規(guī)定都不應(yīng)限制根據(jù)國際私法有關(guān)規(guī)則導(dǎo)致的強(qiáng)制性規(guī)則的適用，且不論這些強(qiáng)制性規(guī)則是源于國內(nèi)的、國際的還是超國家的。 Nothing in these Principles shall restrict the application of mandatory rules, whether of national, international or supranational origin, which are applicable in accordance with the relevant rules of private international law. 第 (當(dāng)事人的排除或修改 ) ARTICLE (Exclusion or modification by the parties) 除通則另有規(guī)定外，當(dāng)事人可以排除通則的適用，或者減損或改變通則任何條款的效力。 The parties may exclude the application of these Principles or derogate from or vary the effect of any of their provisions, except as otherwise provided in the Principles. 第 (通則的解釋和補(bǔ)充 ) ARTICLE (Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles) (1)在解釋通則時，應(yīng)考慮通則的國際性及其目的，包括促進(jìn) 其統(tǒng)一適用的需要。 (1) In the interpretation of these Principles, regard is to be had to their international character and to their purposes including the need to promote uniformity in their application. (2)凡屬于通則范圍之內(nèi)但又未被通則明確規(guī)定的問題，應(yīng)盡可能地根據(jù)通則確定的一般基本原則來處理。 (2) Issues within the scope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are as far as possible to be settled in accordance with their underlying general principles. 第 (誠實(shí)信用和公平交易 ) ARTICLE (Good faith and fair dealing) (1)在國際貿(mào)易中，每一方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)依據(jù)誠實(shí)信用和公平交易的原則行事。 (1) Each party must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing in international trade. (2)當(dāng)事人不能排除或限制此項(xiàng)義務(wù)。 (2) The parties may not exclude or limit this duty. 第 (不一致行為 ) ARTICLE (Inconsistent Behaviour) 如果一方當(dāng)事人使得另一方當(dāng)事人產(chǎn)生某種理解，且該另一方當(dāng)事人依賴該理解合理行事 ，并對自己造成不 8 利后果，則該方當(dāng)事人不得以與該另一方當(dāng)事人理解不一致的方式行事。 A party cannot act inconsistently with an understanding it has caused the other party to have and upon which that other party reasonably has acted in reliance to its detriment. 第 (慣例和習(xí)慣做法 ) ARTICLE (Usages and practices) (1)當(dāng)事人各方受其業(yè)已約定的任何慣例和其相互之間業(yè)已建立的任何習(xí)慣做法的約束。 (1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves. (2)在特定的有關(guān)貿(mào)易中的合同當(dāng)事人，應(yīng)受國際貿(mào)易中廣泛知悉并慣常遵守的慣例的約束，除非該慣例的適用為不合理。 (2) The parties are bound by a usage that is widely known to and regularly observed in international trade by parties in the particular trade concerned except where the application of such a usage would be unreasonable. 第 (通知 ) ARTICLE (Notice) (1)在需要發(fā)出通知時，通知可以 適合于具體情況的任何方式發(fā)出。 (1) Where notice is required it may be given by any means appropriate to the circumstances. (2)通知于送達(dá)被通知人時生效。 (2) A notice is effective when it reaches the person to whom it is given. (3)就 第 (2)款而言，通知于口頭傳達(dá)被通知人或遞送到被通知人的營業(yè)地或通訊地址時，為通知 “送達(dá) ”被通知人。 (3) For the purpose of paragraph(2) a notice “reaches” a person when given to that person orally or delivered at that person’s place of business or mailing address. (4)就本條而言，通知包括聲明、要求、請求或任何其他意思的表述。 (4) For the purpose of this article “notice” includes a declaration, demand, request or any other munication of intention. 第 (定義 ) ARTICLE (Definitions) 通則中 : In these Principles ——“法院 ”，包括仲裁庭。 ——“court” includes an arbitral tribunal。 ——“營業(yè)地 ”，在當(dāng)事人有一個以上的營業(yè)地時，考慮到在合同訂立之前任何時候或訂立合同之時各方當(dāng)事人所知曉或考慮到的情況，相關(guān)的 “營業(yè)地 ”是指 與合同和其履行具有最密切聯(lián)系的營業(yè)地。 ——where a party has more than one place of business the relevant “place of business” is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract。 ——“債務(wù)人 ”是指履行義務(wù)的一方當(dāng)事人 。“債權(quán)人 ”是指有權(quán)要求履行義務(wù)的一方當(dāng)事人。 ——“obligor” refers to the party who is to perform an obligation and “obligee” refers to the party who is entitled to performance of that obligation. 9 ——“書面 ”是指能保存所含信息的記錄，并能以有形方式復(fù)制的任何通訊方式。 —— “writing” means any mode of munication that preserves a record of the information contained there in and is capable of being reproduced in tangible form. 第 (當(dāng)事人規(guī)定的時間的計算 ) ARTICLE (Computation of time set by parties) (1)發(fā)生在由當(dāng)事人規(guī)定的履行某一行為的期間內(nèi)的法定節(jié)假日或非工作日應(yīng)包括在期間的計算之內(nèi)。 (1) Official holidays or nonbusiness days occurring during a period set by parties for an act to be performed are included in calculating the period. (2)然而，如果期間的最后一天在履行該行為之當(dāng)事人的營業(yè)地是法定節(jié)假日或非工作日，該期間可順延 至隨后的 第 一個工作日，除非情況有相反的表示。 (2) However, if the last day of the period is an official holiday or a nonbusiness day at the place of business of the party to perform the act, the period is extended until the first business day which follows, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise. (3)相關(guān)的時區(qū)是設(shè)定時間的當(dāng)事人營業(yè)地的時區(qū)，除非情況有相反的表示。 (3) The relevant time zone is that of the place of business of the party setting the time, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise. 第 二章 合同的訂立與代理人的權(quán)限 CHAPTER 2 — FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS 第 一節(jié) 合同的訂立 SECTION 1: FORMATION 第 (訂立的形式 ) ARTICLE (Manner of formation) 合同可通過對要約的承諾或通過能充分表明當(dāng)事人各方合意的行為而成立。 A contract may be concluded either by the acceptance of an offer or by conduct of the parties that is sufficient to show agreement. 第 (要約的定義 ) ARTICLE (Definition of offer) 一項(xiàng)訂立合同的建議，如果十分確定，并表明要約人在得到承諾時受其約束的意旨，即構(gòu)成一項(xiàng)要約。 A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and