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自考英語(yǔ)二考試講義-資料下載頁(yè)

2024-08-20 16:25本頁(yè)面

【導(dǎo)讀】決策的目的是制定和實(shí)現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo)。作決策的原因是有問題存在、目標(biāo)和目的不正確、或者有某種東西防礙目標(biāo)或目的的實(shí)現(xiàn)。作決策的過程對(duì)管理人員來說至關(guān)重要。決策者必須具備從多個(gè)可供選擇的可能性中確定最佳選擇的手段。而多種目標(biāo)的順序和重要性也部分地基于決策者的價(jià)值觀。今天所作的決策可能會(huì)對(duì)將來產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。因此,有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的管理者能從當(dāng)前決策看到將來的效果。Achieve表示較難達(dá)到的目標(biāo)。學(xué)生們?cè)诓坏?0分鐘內(nèi)完成了任務(wù)。委員會(huì)的意見將立即貫徹執(zhí)行。對(duì)全國(guó)醫(yī)療體系的改革將在明年進(jìn)行。他們說了實(shí)話但是有所保留。語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的限制(約束)。人們?cè)诩依锒皇窃谵k公室里工作的趨勢(shì)日益增長(zhǎng)。當(dāng)人們不同意他的意見時(shí),他很容易生氣。對(duì)一個(gè)如此年輕的人來說,獲得奧運(yùn)會(huì)銀牌是個(gè)了不起的成就。如果他不努力,將會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)達(dá)不到目的。作不及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí),后邊可以接with,about或over(就…爭(zhēng)論),for(贊成)或against(反對(duì))

  

【正文】 in turn. So you do not be upset if no one offers. Shake hands firmly - a weak hand suggests a weak personality, and a crushing grip is obviously painful. Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it as this will seem to show you do not like the other person. Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy. Think before you answer any questions. If you cannot understand ask: “Would you mind rephrasing the question, please? ” The question will then be repeated in different words. If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot, ask: “when may I expect to hear the results of this interview? ” If you do receive a letter offering you the job, you must reply by letter ( keep a photocopy) as soon as possible. Good luck ! 語(yǔ) 法 As 的用法 法 的用法 ( 1)用作介詞時(shí)的基本詞義, “作為,擔(dān)任 ”, “像,似 ”。 介詞短語(yǔ)在句子中可擔(dān)任的成分:狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ) ( 2)用作副詞表示程度, as … as … 結(jié)構(gòu)中 ( 3)用作連詞,引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句(比較、讓步、時(shí)間、原因和方式狀語(yǔ)從句) ( 4)用作關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句, ( 5) As 用于常用習(xí)語(yǔ)中 、現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 分詞作定語(yǔ): 過去分 詞作定語(yǔ),修飾名詞、代詞,表示被動(dòng)、已經(jīng)完成。 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ),修飾名詞、代詞,表示主動(dòng)、正在進(jìn)行。 單個(gè)分詞一般置于所修飾的詞之前,但也有例外。 例如 an extended family 一個(gè)擴(kuò)展了的家庭 / a singing girl 一個(gè)唱歌的女孩 a developed country 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家 / a developing country 發(fā)展中國(guó)家 the people concerned 有關(guān)人員 分詞短語(yǔ)一般放在所修飾的詞之后,例如: A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action. Have the letter inviting you for an interview … 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式和過去分詞都表示被動(dòng),區(qū)別在于前者表示修飾的詞正在承受的行為,而后者表示修飾的詞已承受過了的行為。 例如: The problem being discussed is important. 正在討論的這個(gè)問題很重要。 The problem discussed yesterday was important. 昨天討論的那個(gè)問題很重要。 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成主動(dòng)式,表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。 having done 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式,表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)被完成。 the decision having been made 不定式作定語(yǔ) 不定式作定語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)放在所修飾的中心詞之后。例如: We have plenty of work to do. 一般來講,不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),表示動(dòng)作將要發(fā)生。另外,還要注意的是不定式有三種時(shí)態(tài),也有被動(dòng)態(tài)。 、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ) 為了表示明確的時(shí)間或條件,有時(shí)常在分詞前面加上 when, while, even if, even though, unless 等連詞作時(shí)間、條件、讓步等狀語(yǔ)。 例如: When presented with a mon case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on. 當(dāng)面對(duì)同一件事例時(shí),銷售經(jīng)理易于看到銷售問題,生產(chǎn)部經(jīng)理 看到生產(chǎn)問題,等等。 Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined. 如果聽任事實(shí)泛濫不加檢測(cè),那是可怕的事。 Don39。t leave the building unless instructed to do so. 除非接到通知,不要離開這幢大樓。 習(xí) goal, objective, acplish, predict, acpany, implement, tendency, achievement, argue, budget, define, entity, in the way, in part, point of view, contribute to, to apply for, in hand, to turn down ( 1) A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. ( 2) Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. ( 3) If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. ( 4) For managers every decision has constraints based on politics, procedures, laws, precedents and the like. ( 5) For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion. ( 6) Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of anizational goals. ( 7) In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the anization. ( 8) Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. A 漢譯英 決策者應(yīng)該能夠?qū)碜鞒鲎詈玫耐茰y(cè)。 Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be. 有人認(rèn)為經(jīng)理們所作的一切均與決策有關(guān)。 Some people believe almost everything a manager does involves decision. 沒有正確的選擇就沒有正確的決定。 If there is no proper choice, there is no proper decision. 不同的人對(duì)同樣的問題有不同的看法,所以解決的辦法也不同。 Different people have different ideas about the same problem; their solutions to the problem are, therefore, also different. 決策者往往是公司業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。 Decision makers often play the key role in the development of the business of a pany. Decision makers are usually key people who determine the pany39。s business development. 歷年考題 everything a manager does______( involve) decisions. Indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. ( ) 答案是 involves. 考點(diǎn): involve 為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 a manager does 為省略了引導(dǎo)詞 that 的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞 everything. there is no choice, there is no decision______( make)。 ( ) 答案是 to be made .考點(diǎn): to be made 是動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)修飾 decision. everything a manager does______decisions; indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. ( ) A. imposes B. improvise C. involves D. indicates 答案為 C. have no idea what39。s standing______acplishing our goals and objectives. ( ) the way of way of the way of D. in one39。s way of 答案為 A managers, every decision has constraints_____( base) on policies, procedures, laws. ( ) ( ) 答案為 based, 考點(diǎn):過去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ) _____( present) with a mon case, sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.( ) 答案為 presented. 考點(diǎn): present 是過去分詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 anization is a group of people, and a decision______( make) today may have consequences far into the future. ( ) 答案是 made. 考點(diǎn): make 是過去分詞作定語(yǔ),修飾 decision. :通常管理者必須對(duì)未來的情況作出最佳的預(yù)測(cè)。 答案: Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be. 講義二 Text A Black Holes 課文簡(jiǎn)介 本文主要介紹了黑洞的概念,黑洞是怎樣產(chǎn)生的,以及有關(guān)黑洞的一些研究。 對(duì)于黑洞的研究才剛剛起步,因此黑洞對(duì)于我們來說還很神秘,需要我們的不斷探索。 什么是黑洞? What is a black hole ? 宇宙中有一些點(diǎn),它們的體積趨向于零而密度變得無窮大。由于具有強(qiáng)大的吸引力,物體只要進(jìn)入離這些點(diǎn)一定距離內(nèi),就會(huì)被這強(qiáng)大的吸引力吸收掉,連光線也不例外。因此,沒有任何信號(hào)能從這個(gè)范圍內(nèi)傳出,這個(gè)范圍的邊界被稱為 “視界 ”( event horizon) .視界里面的情況人類無法看到,所以科學(xué)家稱之為 “黑洞 ”。 一顆燃燒盡了的恒星由于自身的重力而不斷塌陷,最后就會(huì)形成黑洞。盡管關(guān)于黑洞的理論是正確的,但是科學(xué)家一直在尋找黑洞存在的證據(jù)。 課文分為三部分: Paragraph 1 What is a black hole ?
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