【正文】 mplement vt. 實(shí)現(xiàn)；完成 constraint n. 強(qiáng)制；強(qiáng)制因素 precedent n. 先例，前例 simplify vt. 簡(jiǎn)化 tendency n. 趨勢(shì)，傾向 managerial a. 經(jīng)理的，管理人的 maker n. 制造者；制造商 achievement n. 完成，達(dá)到 attain vt. 達(dá)到；完成 optimal a. 最適宜的，最理想的 suboptimization n. 局部最優(yōu)化 tradeoff n. 權(quán)衡；物物交換 argue vt./vi. 爭(zhēng)辯，爭(zhēng)論 budget n./vt. 預(yù)算 scheme n./ … 編入預(yù)算 define vt. 解釋，給 … 下定義 multiple a./，復(fù)合的 /倍數(shù) profitability n. 賺錢，獲利 correctness n. 正確，正確性 unintended a. 非計(jì)劃中的，非故意的 ongoing a. 進(jìn)行中的，非故意的 entity n. 存在，實(shí)體 skilled a. 熟練的；有技能的 in the way 擋路、礙事 to make a guess at 猜測(cè) and the like 等等，諸如此類 to seek to 追求，爭(zhēng)取 in part 部分地，在某種程度上 point of view 觀點(diǎn) 詞匯精講 n. 目標(biāo)，進(jìn)球，球門 （ 同義詞： aim ， end ， purpose， objective） Her goal is a place at university . 她的目標(biāo)是在大學(xué)任教。決策者必須具備從多個(gè)可供選擇的可能性中確定最佳選擇的手段。講義一 Text A What Is a Decision ？ 決策的目的是制定和實(shí)現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo)。而多種目標(biāo)的順序和重要性也部分地基于決策者的價(jià)值觀。 ： n./a. 目的；目標(biāo)（尤指較長遠(yuǎn)的目標(biāo)）；宗旨 /客觀的，如實(shí)的 派生詞： object n. 物體 反義詞： subjective n./a. 主語；主觀事物； / 主觀的， 用法： Her objective is to get a college education. 她的目標(biāo)是接受大學(xué)教育。 Achieve 表示較難達(dá)到的目標(biāo)。s hard to predict when it will happen . 很難預(yù)見這件事何時(shí)發(fā)生。s suggestions will be implemented immediately. 委員會(huì)的意見將立即貫徹執(zhí)行。 派生詞： tend v. 趨向，傾向 用法： tend to do sth. He tends to get angry when people disagree with him . 當(dāng)人們不同意他的意見時(shí)，他很容易生氣。 ： v. 達(dá)到；獲得 （長期努力后而獲得）同義詞： obtain， get 用法： She has made up her mind to attain her goal in life. 她下定決心要達(dá)到生活中的目標(biāo)。 He often argues philosophy with James. 他常和詹姆斯討論哲學(xué)。 He argued that man was descended from apes. 他論證人類的祖先是猿。 n 存在 實(shí)體 He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity . 他把這個(gè)國家的北方看成一個(gè)單獨(dú)的文化實(shí)體。 The chair is in the way， please move it away. 這把椅子擋著路，請(qǐng)把它移開。 The responsibility was in part because of me. 部分責(zé)任在我。 … to 把 … 貢獻(xiàn)給 … 。 beneficial to 對(duì) … 有利 Jogging is beneficial to our health. 慢跑有利于我們的健康。例： The reason for canceling the travel is that they lack of money. 取消旅行的原因是他們手頭缺錢。 require vt. 要求，需要 后邊由 that 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語從句 managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk acpanies decisions. make a best guess at 作出最佳猜測(cè)， at 表示動(dòng)作或行為的方向和目標(biāo)，如： look at （看） ， aim at （瞄準(zhǔn)，目的是）， throw （ a stone） at （向 … 擲石頭）， shoot at （射擊）， laugh at （嘲笑） 本句中 what the future will be 是一個(gè)介詞賓語從句，（作介詞 at 的賓語）； to leave sth. to chance “憑運(yùn)氣，聽任命運(yùn)的安排，聽其自然發(fā)展 ” “as + 形容詞（或副詞） + as possible”意思是 “盡可能 地 … ； 盡量 ”。 risk acpanies decisions .風(fēng)險(xiǎn)伴隨著決策 … at other times 有時(shí) … ，而有時(shí)則 … a poor decision 一個(gè)不良決策 第二部分 Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice， there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing， and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example， a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the anization. 7.“選擇 ”三個(gè)詞的區(qū)別： alternative ，供選擇的， choice 選自己喜歡的，挑出，選出 select 選出最好的，篩選、精選 if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句， 主句中的不定式被動(dòng)態(tài) to be made 作定語， 修飾 decision n. 范圍 a broad range of choice 一個(gè)很廣的選擇范圍 managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. 本句中 based on 是一個(gè)過去分詞作定語修飾 constraints. be based on 表示 “建立在 … 基礎(chǔ)上 例： The book is based on a true story. 這本書是以一個(gè)真實(shí)的故事為依據(jù)的。 all levels “在各個(gè)層次 ” Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives， there is no choice and， therefore， no decision. If no alternatives are seen， often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion； this is their way of simplifying plex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. which 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾 courses of action 行動(dòng)方針 thorough job of examining 一個(gè)徹底的考察工作 a thorough job 是主語， of examining the problems 修飾 job， has not been done 是句子的謂語。s an either/or decision. 我們戰(zhàn)斗或不戰(zhàn)斗 這是二者擇一的決定。 is a tradeoff that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. that 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾 tradeoff “權(quán)衡 ” increases 和 decreases 是定語從 句的并列謂語 These tradeoffs occur because there are many objectives that anizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in differentterms. When presented with a mon case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on. tradeoffs occur because there are many objectives that anizations wish to attain simultaneously. Because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句中，有一個(gè) that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾 many objectives of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department. vary from … to … 表示各不相同的意思。 （詳見語法要點(diǎn)） The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal； they are hard to understand， even by the individual， because they are so dynamic and plex. In many business situations different people39。 People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view， problems have multiple causes， and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An anization is an ongoing entity， an