【導讀】自卑心理的特點·············································自卑心理的表現(xiàn)形式·········································國外關(guān)于自卑感的研究·······································

　　

【正文】 its opposite to a marked degree. A check in the column marked would mean that the person rated was characterized neither by the trait nor by its opposite. The subjects were students in introductory courses in psychology in the University of Minnesota. The group included 268 subjects, 120 men and 148 women. Each subject received three copies of the scale, on one of which he was asked to rate himself,and on the other two to secure ratings of himself from two individuals who knew him. The results, therefore, are based on 360 sets of ratings for men, and 444 for women. In an attempt to eliminate some of the more obvious sources of error, the following precautions were taken: scales were distributed and returned before the inferiority plex, or the general topic of personality, had been taken up in class, and the blank itself, which was simply headedrating scale, contained no reference to the inferiority plex as such. The ratings were made, therefore, in ignorance of the point at issue and presumably without prejudice in that particular. 2. The filling out of the blanks was regarded as one of the regular requirements of the course。 consequently nearly all the subjects secured the required ratings and returned the factor of selection within the group approached was thus largely eliminated. importance of frankness and independence in making the ratings was mentioned in both oral and written was, of course, impossible to obtain adequate checks on the extent to which the instructions were followed, but there is internal evidence, which will appear later, that they were not wholly disregarded. The papers were scored on the basis of the number of symptoms of the inferiority plex indicated。 ., an individual39。s score consisted of the number of ratings indicating traits accepted in the literature as diagnostic. A weight of one 蘇州大學本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文） 23 was given to a rating indicating a slight degree of a symptomatic trait, a weight of two for a marked degree of the same trait. In other words, the score was art attempt to represent the degree to which an individual possessed the inferiority plex according to the usual definition. RESULTS The principal results of the study may be summarized as follows: I. Perhaps the point that deserves first attention is that the scores gave approximately a normal distribution for both men and women and according to both self and associated fact has a double significance. In the first place, it shows that the scale successfully resisted the tendency, so often encountered, for ratings to be concentrated about the socially desirable traits. This tendency, if sufficiently strong, would prevent a distribution and consequently defeat the purpose of the scale. However, the fact that it was not present to a damaging extent does not mean that it was not present at all。certain considerations, to be mentioned later, suggest that it was operative in several situations. But the significant fact in the present connection is that it was not strong enough to obscure individual differences and thus render the scale ineffective. In the second place, the distribution suggests that the inferiority plex, like most other human traits which have been subjected to measurement, is present in different individuals in different degrees. No individual was rated, either by himself or by his associates, as possessing all the traits scored as symptomatic。 on the other hand, no one was rated, either by himself or his associates,as possessing none of them. Apparently the inferiority plex is not something which an individual either possesses or lacks, but which he possesses to a greater or smaller extent. This situation is entirely in accord with the assumption that normal and abnormal conditions are continuous. II. The second point is that the inferiority plex, as revealed by the ratings, corresponded in general outline to the inferiority plex as described in the psychological literature. That is, the traits given by psychiatrists as characterizing this condition,tended to appear more frequently in individuals who (according to the measure employed) were characterized by the inferiority plex, than in 蘇州大學本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文） 24 those not so characterized. This tendency appeared though the subjects had no way of knowing which traits belonged together theoretically or even that there was any such question involved. This fact was brought out by regarding the upper and lower quarters of the distribution as representing, respectively, the highest and lowest degrees of the inferiority plex present in the group studied, and by paring them to see whether the upper group was rated as possessing the traits theoretically characteristic of the inferiority plex to a significantly greater degree than the lower. The rank order which determined the selection of these groups was based on self and associates39。 ratings,equally weighted. The following statistical procedure was employed. First, for each of the 137 items and for each of the two groups, the percentage of ratings was puted for each of the five steps of the scale ( — 0 + + + ) 。 second, the differences between the corresponding percentages for the upper and lower groups were obtained。 and third, the direction of the difference was indicated and its amount determined in relation to the probable error of the difference. If the direction was in favor of the upper group, and if the amount was significantly greater than the probable error,the item was considered empirically as well as theoretically characteristic of the inferiority plex. The general oute of the analysis was to confirm the concept of the inferiority plex in the sense that the empirical results conformed to theoretical expectations. Of the 137 traits tested,only two were found not to reveal differences in the expected direction, and these two were probably cases of traits in question were is inclined to be effeminate or is inclined to be masculine (rated for men and women respectively)and has wished to be a man (rated only for women). In these instances the characteristic markings for the group possessing the inferiority plex were those indicating the opposites of the traits as stated. But with these possible exceptions, the traits were uniformly more characteristic of the individuals who, according to the scale