【導(dǎo)讀】市生活垃圾的方法之一。垃圾填埋場(chǎng)是人為生產(chǎn)甲烷的重要來(lái)源。歐盟已經(jīng)為可再生能源通過(guò)了歐盟政策結(jié)構(gòu)里面的沼氣的有效管理的規(guī)則。這一研究的結(jié)果具有很強(qiáng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)生存能力,這實(shí)現(xiàn)了早先的。到550Nm3/h的甲烷和一個(gè)以全部流量的45%比例。目前它用來(lái)生產(chǎn)電力共計(jì)。大約4,500,000千瓦h(yuǎn)/年。根據(jù)安裝的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析和內(nèi)在的恢復(fù)率估計(jì)開(kāi)。垃圾填埋場(chǎng)的垃圾處理能產(chǎn)生不少的環(huán)境問(wèn)題,如水污染,臭氣,爆炸和燃燒，窒息,垃圾填埋場(chǎng)氣體是在衛(wèi)生垃圾填埋場(chǎng)中自然地發(fā)生有機(jī)廢物分解的副產(chǎn)物,有氧的情況在垃圾處理之后立刻產(chǎn)生。并混合到大氣空氣。開(kāi)始的有氧階段是非常短的,而且產(chǎn)生出的是由二氧化碳組成的一。壓力使其重新轉(zhuǎn)變成能源。能源發(fā)展部門稱為安達(dá)盧西亞計(jì)劃。由于LFG和它的氣味問(wèn)。題,另一個(gè)解決方法是為了其他的目的而重復(fù)使用LFG。因?yàn)樗目傆?jì)化學(xué)能可以充分。維持燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)的運(yùn)作,因此表明它是有價(jià)值的能源資源。事實(shí)上,它能用來(lái)增加電力的

　　

【正文】 . The political measures established would be evaluated according to their cost–benefit in terms of potential economic and social consequences. According to a previous study, the main focus should be on those sectors that make the largest contributions to methane emissions, notably agriculture, waste and energy which in 1990 accounted for 45, 32 and 23% of EU methane emissions, respectively. The main source of the methane emissions derived from waste management is the anaerobic fermentation of the anic material deposited in landfills. Communication COM(96)557 includes the following remendations [26]: (i) A distinction should be made between existing landfills and new landfills。 (ii) In the case of existing landfills, authorities should improve their technological capacity and environmental level by incorporating the infrastructure necessary for the management of methane emissions。 (iii) In the case of new landfills, the permits granted to controlled anaerobic deposits should be strictly monitored. In any case, it is always necessary to verify whether there are other ways of limiting methane emission, and at the same time incorporate highly efficient systems for its reception and energy evaluation。 (iv) When such evaluation is not feasible, the infrastructure necessary for its total bustion should be available and operative。 (v) Finally, Member States should develop economic incentives to favor the recovery of methane gas, the use of technologies, and the reduction of the amount of anic matter deposited in landfills. Decision 99/296/CE published on April 26, 1999, modified Decision 93/389/CEE regarding the monitoring of CO2 and other greenhouse gases such as methane. This decision affirms that Member States should make an inventory of the sources of gas emissions and their elimination by drainage sites, as well as describe the policies and national regulations adopted to reduce such emissions, and thus facilitate their total elimination. As can be observed, these regulations are somewhat ambiguous in reference to the measures to be taken for the efficient management of biogas. Nevertheless, what is clear is the message regarding the need to reduce and minimize the negative impact that uncontrolled biogas emission has on the environment. 5 2. An urban waste landfill in Granada (Spain) . Profile of the landfill The landfill studied in this article is located 2 km northeast of Granada, a city in southern Spain with a population of 300,000 inhabitants. The landfill, with a surface area of Has, was in active operation from 1984 to 1999. During this period, the waste was deposited on a hillside running along the river Beiro with an average altitude of 870 and 500 m (see Fig. 1). The landfill is of medium density, and over the years was progressively covered with layers of soil from the same area and similar to that found in the bed of the landfill. The waste pacting process was carried out by means of pacting equipment, with a waste pacting degree of – Tm/m3. The leachate was collected in pools where it was pumped out again to be recirculated in the landfill. The extraction of the gas was carried out by a series of gas extraction wells separated by distances of 30–35 m. In 1999 with a view to mitigating the negative environmental impact, the landfill was sealed. Subsequently, plans were drawn up to construct installations to extract biogas and reuse it to create electrical energy. The project was carried out that same year by INAGRA (pany belonging to CESPA3). The average annual precipitation in this region fluctuates from 66 to 400 mm during the seasons of autumn and winter. The average annual temperature in Granada largely depends on the weather station where the measurements are obtained. The average temperature is 1C as measured at the Cartuja weather station in the city, whereas it is at the airport weather station, 10 km outside the city. The temperature in Granada is influenced by the proximity of the Sierra Nevada mountain range. The highest temperatures occur during the summer months, while the lowest ones occur in December and January. The thermal variation in the average annual temperatures is significant, and amounts to almost 20 1C. This is the same variation that exists between daytime and nighttime temperatures. The potential evapotranspiration of the area, as calculated by the Thornthwaite Method, reaches values ranging from 700 to 900 mm. There is generally a period of draught in the summer months. The landfill is located on the Alhambra formation, made up of conglomerates and sands, immersed 6 in a large clayey basin, reducing the capacity of water transmission in the subsoil. There are no aquifers or signs of surface or groundwater at the landfill site. After the landfill was sealed, urban waste from Granada, as well as that from other neighboring cities and towns, was treated at the Planta de Recuperacio180。n y Compostaje, a waste recovery and posting installation that had recently opened in the town of Alhendin, 20 km outside of Granada. The main products treated at this plant are: metals, paper and cardboard, plastics and containers of mixed position, anic material for the elaboration of post, other wastes. . Production and characterization of wastes During its period of maximum activity, a total of 1,420,000 Tm of waste were deposited at the landfill. A clear increase of waste production can be observed in Fig. 2, which shows the amount of waste deposited at the landfill from 1984 to 1999. This is typical of tendencies in recent decades and in consonance with the average rate of waste generation [18,27]. The waste was analyzed in order to obtain its macroscopic position. The results of the field study is appear in Table 1. . Quantification of the theoretical production/yield of biog