【正文】 xplain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is 1 . Social scientists are of course 2 interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviour. There are no clear answers yet, but two 3 schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other, and there is a great deal of debate between 4 of each theory. The controversy(爭論) is often conveniently referred to as “nature and nurture”. Those who 5 the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behaviour patterns are 6 determined by biological factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behaviour is 7 to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory states that our behaviour is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost pletely governed by our 8 . Supporters of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, 9 , claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behaviour is almost pletely 10 by their surroundings. The behaviorists39。 view of the human being is quite mechanistic. They state that, like machines, humans respond to 11 stimuli(刺激) as the basis of their behaviour. Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are 12 . In the US, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” supporters to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites are. Behaviorists, 13 , say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same 14 that whites do. Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behaviour. As a matter of fact, it is quite 15 that the key to our behaviour lies somewhere between these two extremes and that the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.1. A. sensitiveB. productiveC. petitiveD. aggressive2. A. moderatelyB. extremelyC. reluctantlyD. scarcely3. A. distinctB. reliableC. relevantD. equal4. A. objectorsB. operatorsC. opponentsD. advocates5. A. claimB. supportC. resolveD. inherit6. A. pletelyB. largelyC. thoroughlyD. merely7. A. sensitiveB. openC. centralD. subject8. A. abilitiesB. capacitiesC. personalitiesD. instincts9. A. expertsB. scientistsC. environmentalistsD. behaviorists10. A. shapedB. dominatedC. oppressedD. restricted11. A. environmentalB. biologicalC. geneticD. psychological12. A. temporaryB. slightC. fatalD. farreaching13. A. on the contraryB. as a wholeC. after allD. for instance14. A. habitsB. responsesC. characteristicsD. advantages15. A. necessaryB. impossibleC. unreasonableD. likely【答案】 （1）C；（2）B；（3）A；（4）D；（5）B；（6）B；（7）C；（8）D；（9）D；（10）A；（11）A；（12）D；（13）A；（14）B；（15）D； 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇議論文，論述了人的個性和智力是先天形成的還是受環(huán)境影響的兩種理論。 （1）考查形容詞。A. sensitive“敏感的”；B. productive“多產(chǎn)的”；C. petitive“競爭的”；D. aggressive“侵略性的，有進取心的”。此句與上文“why one person is intelligent and another is not”是并列的，空格處填的是與前面cooperative相對的詞，故選C。 （2）考查副詞。A. moderately“適度地”；B. extremely“極其，非常地”；C. reluctantly“不情愿地”；D. scarcely“幾乎不，簡直不”。社會科學(xué)家當(dāng)然對這類問題非常感興趣。故選B。 （3）考查形容詞。A. distinct“明顯的”；B. reliable“可靠的”；C. relevant“相關(guān)的”；D. equal“平等的”。目前還沒有明確的答案，但在這個問題上已經(jīng)形成了兩種截然不同的思想流派。選A。 （4）考查名詞。A. objectors“反對者”；B. operators“操作者”；C. opponents“對手”；D. advocates“提倡者”。正如人們可能預(yù)期的那樣，這兩種方法截然不同，而且每種理論的支持者之間存在著大量的爭論。根據(jù)文中的debate可知，應(yīng)該是“支持者”之間的爭論，故選D。 （5）考查動詞。A. claim“要求，聲稱”；B. support“支持”；C. resolve“溶解”；D. inherit“繼承”。那些支持沖突“本性”一面的人認(rèn)為，我們的個性和行為模式在很大程度上是由生物因素決定的。根據(jù)文中的believe可知，這里應(yīng)該是指“支持者”，故選B。 （6）考查副詞。A. pletely“完全地”；B. largely“主要地，大部分”；C. thoroughly“徹底地”；D. merely“僅僅，只不過”。那些支持沖突“本性”一面的人認(rèn)為，我們的個性和行為模式在很大程度上是由生物因素決定的。故選B。 （7）考查形容詞。A. sensitive“敏感的”；B. open“公開的”；C. central“中心的”；D. subject“服從的”。我們的環(huán)境與我們的能力、特征和行為幾乎沒有任何關(guān)系，這對這一理論是極為重要的。be central to“對……極為重要的”，故選C。 （8）考查名詞。A. abilities“能力”；B. capacities“性能”；C. personalities“人格，個性”；D. instincts“本能”。極端地說，這個理論認(rèn)為，我們的行為在很大程度上是預(yù)先決定的，以至于我們幾乎完全受本能的支配。by our instincts固定短語，“通過我們的本能”，故選D。 （9）考查名詞。A. experts“專家”；B. scientists“科學(xué)家”；C. environmentalists“環(huán)保人士”；D. behaviorists“行為主義者”?！昂筇炫囵B(yǎng)”理論的支持者，或者如他們通常所說的，行為主義者，聲稱在決定我們?nèi)绾涡袆訒r，我們的環(huán)境比我們基于生物學(xué)的本能更重要。故選D。 （10）考查動詞。A. shaped“發(fā)展，成形，塑造”；B. dominated“控制，統(tǒng)治”；C. oppressed“壓迫，折磨”；D. restricted“限制”。行為學(xué)家B. F. Skinner認(rèn)為，人類的行為幾乎完全是由周圍環(huán)境塑造的。此處shape的意思是“塑造，成形”，故選A。 （11）考查形容詞。A. environmental“環(huán)境的”；B. biological“生物的”；C. genetic“遺傳的”；D. psychological“心理學(xué)的”。他們指出，就像機器一樣，人類對環(huán)境刺激的反應(yīng)是其行為的基礎(chǔ)。故選A。 （12）考查形容詞。A. temporary“臨時的”；B. slight“輕微的”；C. fatal“致命的，重大的”；D. farreaching“深遠的”。在社會和政治上，這兩種理論的影響是深遠的。故選D。 （13）考查固定短語。A. on the contrary“相反”；B. as a whole“總的來說”；C. after all“畢竟，終究”；D. for instance“例如”。相反，行為主義者認(rèn)為，分?jǐn)?shù)上的差異是由于這樣一個事實，即黑人常常被剝奪了白人享有的許多教育和其他環(huán)境方面的優(yōu)勢，因此，他們的反應(yīng)與白人不同。故選A。 （14）考查名詞。A. habits“習(xí)慣”；B. responses“回應(yīng)”；C. characteristics“特性”；D. advantages“優(yōu)勢”。相反，行為主義者認(rèn)為，分?jǐn)?shù)上的差異是由于這樣一個事實，即黑人常常被剝奪了白人享有的許多教育和其他環(huán)境方面的優(yōu)勢，因此，他們的反應(yīng)與白人不同。故選B。 （15）考查形容詞。A. necessary“必要的”；B. impossible“不可能的”；C. unreasonable“不合理的”；D. likely“很可能的”。事實上，我們行為的關(guān)鍵很可能就在這兩個極端之間，爭議肯定會持續(xù)很長一段時間。It is likely that…，固定句式，“很可能”，故選D。 【點評】本題考點涉及動詞，名詞，形容詞，副詞，固定短語等多個知識點的考查，是一篇科普類閱讀，要求考生在理解細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進行分析推理，從而選出正確答案。6．完形填空 Every act of kindness starts with something small, something we all can and should do every single day. I39。m Will Ruhio, one of the 1 of BYUtv39。s Random Acts show. We take hidden cameras to unexpected places to 2 random acts of kindness. We39。ve filmed acts 3 from building disabledfriendly