【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 券之性質(zhì)應(yīng)認(rèn)為於此情形載貨證券僅有證明之功能運(yùn)送當(dāng)事人得舉反證予以。三〕在託運(yùn)人與載貨證券持有人為同一人時(shí)則應(yīng)依原運(yùn)送契約之內(nèi)容為當(dāng)事人間之法律依據(jù)。四〕載貨證券上記載免除或減輕運(yùn)送人應(yīng)履行之過(guò)失責(zé)任及法定責(zé)任,其記載不生效力：依海商法第六十一條規(guī)定以件貨運(yùn)送為目的之運(yùn)送契約或載貨證券記載條款、條件或約定,以減輕或免除運(yùn)送人或船舶所有人,對(duì)於因過(guò)失或本法運(yùn)送契約章所規(guī)定應(yīng)履行義務(wù)而不屨行,致有貨物毀損、滅失或遲到之責(zé)任者,其條款、條件、約定,不生效力」。二、載貨證券之物權(quán)效力一〕載貨證券之物權(quán)效力指載貨證券之交付與貨物之交付有同一效力之謂。載貨證券之物權(quán)效力在理論上有以下三說(shuō):相對(duì)說(shuō) 又可分為嚴(yán)正相對(duì)說(shuō)及單純相對(duì)說(shuō)二種：１〕 嚴(yán)正相對(duì)說(shuō)：認(rèn)為依民法占有之原則,運(yùn)送人為直接占有,載貨證券持有人乃屬間接占有,載貨證券僅表彰抽象之間接占有權(quán)利,故運(yùn)送物所有權(quán)之移轉(zhuǎn),除交付載貨證券外,仍須符合民法第七六一條第三項(xiàng)讓與動(dòng)產(chǎn)物權(quán)如其動(dòng)產(chǎn)由第三人占有時(shí)讓與人得以對(duì)於第三人之返還請(qǐng)求權(quán)讓與於受讓人以代交付?！顾▌?dòng)產(chǎn)讓與之規(guī)定載貨證券始具物權(quán)之效力。２〕 單純相對(duì)說(shuō)：又稱代表說(shuō),認(rèn)為載貨證券即為代表運(yùn)送物, 處分載貨證券即代表對(duì)運(yùn)送物之處分。本說(shuō)認(rèn)為載貨證券物權(quán)效力之發(fā)生,以運(yùn)送人直接占有運(yùn)送物為前提要件,但對(duì)於運(yùn)送物之處分,除移轉(zhuǎn)載貨證券外,並不需符合民法第七六一條第三項(xiàng)讓與動(dòng)產(chǎn)物權(quán)如其動(dòng)產(chǎn)由第三人占有時(shí)讓與人得以對(duì)於第三人之返還請(qǐng)求權(quán)讓與於受讓人以代交付?！顾▌?dòng)產(chǎn)讓與所規(guī)定物權(quán)變動(dòng)之要件,間接占有亦構(gòu)戌合法之移轉(zhuǎn)。但如運(yùn)送物於運(yùn)送途中如不在運(yùn)送人直接占有時(shí),則物權(quán)效力亦隨而中止。 絕對(duì)說(shuō) 認(rèn)為交付載貨證券即相當(dāng)於交付貨物,有同一之效力；與貨物之現(xiàn)實(shí)占有關(guān)係無(wú)關(guān)。貨物占有與否在所不問(wèn), 除非貨物已滅失或已遺失、被盜已不能回復(fù)其占有。故縱運(yùn)送人或船長(zhǎng)喪失對(duì)貨物之占有交付載貨證券於有受領(lǐng)權(quán)利之人時(shí), 與貨物之交付仍有同一之效力。 物權(quán)效力否認(rèn)說(shuō)：認(rèn)為載貨證券僅有債權(quán)之效力,是屬於運(yùn)送物交付請(qǐng)求權(quán)之表徵,乃一種債權(quán)之證據(jù),並無(wú)物權(quán)之效力。學(xué)者間對(duì)載貨證券之物權(quán)效力究採(cǎi)何說(shuō)解不一；七十六年臺(tái)上字第七七一號(hào)判決謂交付載貨證券於有受領(lǐng)貨物權(quán)利之人時(shí),其交付就貨物所有權(quán)移轉(zhuǎn)之關(guān)係,與貨物之交付,有同一之效力,固為海商法第一百零四條舊〕準(zhǔn)用民法第六百二十九條所明定,惟此係就運(yùn)送人尚未喪失其對(duì)貨載之占有包括間接占有〕之情形而言,倘貨載已遺失或被盜用,而不能回復(fù)其占有或已為第三人好心受讓獲得者,則載貨證券持有人縱將載貨證券移轉(zhuǎn)與別人,亦不發(fā)生貨物所有權(quán)移轉(zhuǎn)之物權(quán)效力,僅發(fā)生載貨證券債權(quán)讓與之問(wèn)題?！褂姓J(rèn)為此係採(cǎi)單純相對(duì)說(shuō),唯從其意旨明言....『此係就運(yùn)送人尚未喪失其對(duì)貨載之占有包括間接占有〕之情形而言,倘貨載已遺失或被盜用,而不能回復(fù)其占有或已為第三人好心受讓獲得者,』...」似應(yīng)為絕對(duì)說(shuō)。二〕載貨證券移轉(zhuǎn)之效力 海商法第六十條準(zhǔn)用民法第六二九條規(guī)定交付載貨證券於有受領(lǐng)貨物權(quán)利之人時(shí),其交付就貨物所有權(quán)移轉(zhuǎn)之關(guān)係,與貨物之交付,有同一之效力」。此即載貨證券物權(quán)移轉(zhuǎn)之效力。三〕轉(zhuǎn)讓：海商法第六十條準(zhǔn)用民法第六二八條規(guī)定,得以背書(shū)之,背書(shū)於載貨證券上轉(zhuǎn)讓之。又票據(jù)法上關(guān)於好心獲得之規(guī)定亦適用之。票據(jù)法第十四條參照〕。三、發(fā)行數(shù)份載貨證券的情況載貨證券如發(fā)行有數(shù)份,而請(qǐng)求交付貨物之人,如僅持有一份時(shí),海商法第五十八條、第五十九條規(guī)定如次:一〕在貨物目的港交付時(shí)1. 載貨證券有數(shù)份者,在貨物目的港請(qǐng)求交付貨物之人,縱僅持有載貨證券一份,運(yùn)送人或船長(zhǎng)不得拒絕交付。第五十八條第一項(xiàng)前段〕。2. 二人以上之載貨證券持有人請(qǐng)求交付貨物時(shí)運(yùn)送人或船長(zhǎng)應(yīng)即將貨物按照第五十一條之規(guī)定存放並曾為請(qǐng)求之各持有人運(yùn)送人或船長(zhǎng)已依第一項(xiàng)之規(guī)定交付貨物之一部後他持有人請(qǐng)求交付貨物者對(duì)於其賸餘之部分亦同。第五十八條第二項(xiàng)〕。3. 載貨證券之持有人有二人以上者,其中一人先於他持有人受貨物之交付時(shí),他持有人之載貨證券失其效力第五十八條第三項(xiàng)〕。4. 載貨證券之持有人有二人以上,而運(yùn)送人或船長(zhǎng)尚未交付貨物者,其持有先受發(fā)送或交付之證券者,得先於他持有人行使其權(quán)利。第五十九條〕。二〕不在貨物目的港交付時(shí)：請(qǐng)求交付貨物,不在貨物目的港時(shí),運(yùn)送人或船長(zhǎng)非承受載貨證券之全數(shù),不得為貨物之交付第五十八條第一項(xiàng)後段〕。此乃因在目的港以外之交付,已變更原運(yùn)送契約之內(nèi)容,如不收回全數(shù),易生糾紛。結(jié)論提單持有人與運(yùn)送人的法律關(guān)係乃海運(yùn)契約所產(chǎn)生的一種常態(tài)問(wèn)題臺(tái)灣及均以立法的形式規(guī)範(fàn)該法律關(guān)係但兩地具體的處理方式不同。臺(tái)灣的相關(guān)法律散於民法及海商法中對(duì)瞭解該法律關(guān)係的相關(guān)法律時(shí)必須左翻右翻比較不便。則以單行法形式處理相關(guān)法律比較明確。因此建議採(cǎi)法的處理方式以單行法或修訂海商法把該法律關(guān)係的相關(guān)法律集中在一起。其次的法律規(guī)定比較詳細(xì)且普通法法制重視判例與日俱增的案例更可使許多紛爭(zhēng)有較明確的答案。相對(duì)而言臺(tái)灣的相關(guān)法律規(guī)定過(guò)於簡(jiǎn)潔案例的補(bǔ)充作用亦不大。因此臺(tái)灣的相關(guān)法律規(guī)定應(yīng)以較詳細(xì)的方式立法盡量包括各種的情況使各種紛爭(zhēng)均能有明確的法律依據(jù)。BILLS OF LADING AND ANALOGOUS SHIPPING DOCUMENTS ORDINANCE (apter 440) Section 1 Short title Version Date: 30/06/1997 (1) This Ordinance may be cited as the Bills of Lading and Analogous Shipping Documents Ordinance.(2) (Omitted as spent)(3) Nothing in this Ordinance shall have effect in relation to any document issued before this Ordinance es into operation.(Enacted 1993)Section 2 Interpretation Version Date: 16/06/2000 (1) In this Ordinancebill of lading (提單), sea waybill (海運(yùn)貨單) and ship39。s delivery order (船舶交貨單) shall be construed in accordance with section 3。contract of carriage (運(yùn)輸合約)(a) in relation to a bill of lading or sea waybill, means the contract contained in or evidenced by that bill or waybill。 and(b) in relation to a ship39。s delivery order, means the contract under or for the purposes of whi the undertaking contained in the order is given。holder (持有人), in relation to a bill of lading, shall be construed in accordance with subsection (2)。information tenology (資訊科技) includes any puter or other tenology by means of whi information or other matter may be recorded or municated without being reduced to documentary form。telemunications system (電訊系統(tǒng)) means a system for the conveyance, through the agency of electric, magnetic, electromagnetic, electroemical or electromeanical energy, of (Amended 36 of 2000 s. 28)(a) spee, music and other sounds。(b) visual images。(c) signals serving for the impartation (whether as between persons and persons, things and things or persons and things) of any matter otherwise than in the form of sounds or visual images。 or(d) signals serving for the actuation or control of mainery or apparatus.(2) References in this Ordinance to the holder of a bill of lading are references to any of the following persons(a) a person with possession of the bill who, by virtue of being the person identified in the bill, is the consignee of the goods to whi the bill relates。(b) a person with possession of the bill as a result of the pletion, by delivery of the bill, of any endorsement of the bill or, in the case of a bearer bill, of any other transfer of the bill。(c) a person with possession of the bill as a result of any transaction by virtue of whi he would have bee a holder falling within paragraph (a) or (b) had not the transaction been effected