【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 s that undermined the forting faith of an earlier ’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of forting moral attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social ：美國自然主義是一種新的、更具批判性的現(xiàn)實主義。美國自然主義是在戰(zhàn)爭和影響人們早期信念的社會**的影響之下形成的。美國的自然主義者往往否定了廣為接受的道德真理的正確性，他們想達(dá)到極端的客觀與直率，他們所展現(xiàn)的人物往往都是下層社會的人，他們的命運(yùn)受到環(huán)境和遺傳的制約。在反應(yīng)生活方面，自然主義作家往往表現(xiàn)出早期浪漫主義中感傷主義特征，但和浪漫主義不同的是，自然主義者認(rèn)為，世界缺乏道德，人不論男女都沒有自由的意愿，他們的生活都受到遺傳和環(huán)境的控制，人在生前過著悲慘的生活，死后便被人所遺忘。雖然自然主義文學(xué)通過更為苛刻的現(xiàn)實主義手法來展現(xiàn)這個世界，但是他有時也是為了通過社會改革來改善這個世界。 Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American ：清教主義是新教徒的原來的一個分支——清教徒的行為和信仰。在美國的第一批居民中有很多就是清教徒，他們有著嚴(yán)格的宗教信仰和道德準(zhǔn)則。就像這個詞所暗指的那樣，清教徒們想“清化”他們的宗教信仰和行為習(xí)慣。他們相信宿命論、原罪說、全體墮落和有限的贖罪。作為一種文化遺產(chǎn)，美國清教主義在早期美國人的思想上有著深刻的影響，他對美國文學(xué)的影響也是頗為持久的。 Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an Age of Realism came into came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really expresses the concern for monplace and the low, and it offers anobjective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human ：在美國文學(xué)史上，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)宣告了浪漫主義的終結(jié)和現(xiàn)實主義的開始?，F(xiàn)實主義反對浪漫主義和感傷主義的謊言，它從一個陌生的世界轉(zhuǎn)向了普通人的真實生活的描寫。它所關(guān)心的是普通的下層勞動人民而非理想中的人類本性和現(xiàn)實經(jīng)歷。American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nation’s political , romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation’s revolutionary heritage and its frontier ：浪漫主義階段涵蓋了19世紀(jì)前半頁。美國的不斷壯大和發(fā)展以及隨之而來的明珠和平等的思想、工業(yè)化的發(fā)展、西北邊疆的不斷擴(kuò)展和國外的各種影響使浪漫主義作家文學(xué)不但成為一種可能，而且使它成為美國政治獨立后的一種必然。然而，浪漫主義文學(xué)往往有很多共性：他們熱心于道德、相信個人主義價值觀和對世界的直觀感受，并且他們認(rèn)為自然世界是真、善、美的源泉而人類社會則是墮落的根源。在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)以前，浪漫主義價值觀占據(jù)是政治、藝術(shù)、和哲學(xué)等領(lǐng)域，浪漫主義者對個人的贊揚(yáng)正好迎合了美國的革命遺風(fēng)和邊疆開拓者的品均主義。 Transcendentalism: the emergence of the Transcendentalists as an identifiable movement took place during the late 1820s and 1830s, but the roots of their religious philosophy extended much farther back into American religious and evangelical Protestantism followed separate evolutionary branches from American Puritanism, taking as their mon ancestor the Calvinism of the seventeenth and eighteenth spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the stressed the importance of the them, the individual was the most important element of offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the ’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.美國超驗主義：美國超驗主義出現(xiàn)的19世紀(jì)20年代末期到三十年代，但是它的根源在宗教史上要遠(yuǎn)得多。超驗主義和福音派新教分別是美國清教主義的兩個分支，他們的祖先是17世紀(jì)和18世紀(jì)的加爾文神教。超驗主義者主張文化的復(fù)興，認(rèn)為“超靈”是宇宙中最重要的事物。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)個人的重要性，反對精神上的物質(zhì)主義。對他們來說，個人是一個社會最重要的元素。他們認(rèn)為自然就是“精神”或“上帝”的象征，它是有生命的，而上帝又無處不在。他們認(rèn)為生與死最基本的真理可以超越感官的世界而獲得。艾默生的《自然》被稱為是“美國超驗主義的宣言”，他的《美國學(xué)者》則被認(rèn)為是美國的“文化獨立宣言書”。 Colorism: The definition of local colorism is made clear by Hamlin Garland in his Crumble Idols, he claims that it has “such quality and texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or anyone else than a native.” Here “text” refers to the elements which characterizes a local culture, elements such as speech, customs, and mores peculiar to one particular his “background” covers physical setting and those distinctive qualities of landscape which condition human thought and ultimate aim of the local colorism is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that differs from the world : It’s a poetic movement of England and the from 1909 to movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy ：意象主義是在1909到1917年之間在英國和美國的一次詩歌運(yùn)動。意象主義主張在詩歌通過“直接描寫事物”和簡介的用詞來產(chǎn)生意象，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物為龐德和艾米?羅威爾 Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the the time, it was known as the “New Negro Movement”, of which Harlem was the largest and artists emphasized black liberation, retaining black cultural pride, and not