【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 w，noticed，observed所表示的動作都不能延續(xù)，意味著結(jié)果)。3.“You can’t have this football back ____ you promise not to kick it at my cat again,” the old man said firmly.(2006 A because （四）since的用法 （1）表示“自從……以來”：A:主句+since+非延續(xù)性動詞一般主句用現(xiàn)在完成時，從句用過去時,翻譯：“某某自從…以來已經(jīng)…了 He has studied very hard since he came to our school Since he graduated from the college, he has worked in this city B:主句+since+延續(xù)性動詞或表示狀態(tài)的動詞主句用現(xiàn)在完成時，從句用過去時，翻譯：“某某自從沒有…以來已經(jīng)…了”He has had several jobs since he was a student at 。We all have been missing her since she lived here 自從她從這里搬走，我們就再也沒見過她 He has written to me frequently since I was ，他屢次給我寫信。He has written to me frequently since I fell ，他就屢次給我寫信。C:主句+since +延續(xù)性動詞主句是現(xiàn)在完成時，從句是現(xiàn)在完成時，翻譯：“某某自從…以來…了’Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自從我們自己有了汽車，我們每年都去野營。He has never been to see me since I have been ，他從未來看過我。He has never been to see me since I was ，他從未來看過我。D：It be(一般式或完成式)＋表示一段時間的詞匯＋since引導的時間狀語從句。It is two years since I became a postgraduate 。It was three years since we had been 。應注意的是，在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，since引導的從句絕對不能用否定式的謂語動詞來表示否定意義，下面兩句都錯了：It is a long time since he didn’t study ’s two months since you didn’t e to see ：It’s a long time since he studied English 他好久沒學英語了。You haven’t e to see me for two 。（2）既然；因為He must have taken the book since it isn39。t ,因為書已不在這里了。Since it is so hot, let39。s go ,我們?nèi)ビ斡景伞＃罕硎尽白詮摹詠怼?，其具體用法有兩種情況：(1)since＋表示過去某個時間點的詞匯(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點)。They have been friends since 。I have been there many times since the ，我曾去該地多次。(2)since＋表示一段時間的詞匯＋ago。I have been here since five months 。They ____ friends since they met in Shanghai.(1989) made bee been turned（五）表示“一…就…”：as soon as, immediately, instantly, directly, hardly /scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…；表示“當…時候”： the time, the moment；by the time（到…時候為止）, next time(下次), the first time(第一次…的時候), the last time(上次…的時候)，once（一旦…）She rushed into the room immediately / the moment she heard the He had no sooner arrived there than he fell 。He had hardly finished when someone rose to refute his He left me a good impression the first time I met ，他給我留下了好印象。注意：hardly /scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…前面常用過去完成時，后面用一般過去時。同時它們還可以倒裝: No sooner had he arrived there than he fell 。Hardly had he finished when someone rose to refute his points.（六）表示習慣性、經(jīng)常性：every time（每次）, each time（每次）, whenever（每當）等。Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help Each time he came to town he would visit our ，總要來看看我們的學校。Every time I went to his house, he was ，他都出去了。二．地點狀語從句地點狀語從句一般由由where（在……的地方）, wherever（無論哪里），everywhere（每一個地方）引導的 He is ready to help wherever he is Put you son where you can see him Everywhere they want, they were warmly received 三．原因狀語從句（一）because since as for 表示的原因語氣最強；通常放在主句之后，有時也放在主句之前；直接回答why 提出的問題；在強調(diào)句中只能用because；被not所否定時只能用because It because he was too careless that he failed ，是對已知事實提供理由，而不表示直接原因；since比as語氣稍強，且比as略為正式，兩者通常都放在主句之前 (其作三者為從屬連詞)，它有時可表示因果關(guān)系(只能放在主句之后，且可與because換用)，有時不表示因果關(guān)系，而是對前面分句的內(nèi)容加以解釋或推斷(也只能放在主句之后，但不能與because換用)。The ground is wet, for(或because)it rained last ，因為昨晚下過雨。It rained last night, for(不能用because)the ground is wet this ，今天早上地面都是濕的(二)由now that，seeing that，considering that（由于…，既然…）Seeing that it’s raining，we’d better stay ，我們最好待在室內(nèi)。Now that you are here, you’d better ，最好還是留下吧Considering that she has no experience, she has done well ，她已經(jīng)做得不錯了四．條件狀語從句（一）if，unless，主句是將來時的時候,從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時；if引導條件狀語從句的虛擬；if引導條件狀語從句的省略If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go = if……notYou will never make rapid progress if you don’t work hardYou will never make rapid progress unless you work hard（二）（so）long as “只要……”As [So] long as you need me, I’ll stay 只要你需要我，我就留下。as（so）long as 還可表示一段時間Stay as long as you like。你愿留多久都可以。So long as he lived, I didn’t feel that I have the right to see you between ，我覺得我沒有權(quán)利介入你們之間 if 與 if only。only if 意為“只要”，只用于真實條件句中，是if 的強調(diào)式；if only 有兩個意思，一是表示“只要”，此時通常與陳述語氣連用，與 only if 用法相似；二是表示“但愿”“要是……就好了”，此時多用于虛擬語氣和感嘆句中。I will e only if you don’t promise to invite ，我就來。If only it clears up, we’ll ，我們就去。If only I hadn’t told him about If only he will listen to you！他要是聽你的話多好！ long as 與 only if 的區(qū)別（1）從語氣上看，only if 的語氣要比as long as 強（2）當主句和從句的謂語動詞均為短暫性動詞時，通常只用 only if，而不用 as long as。如：He will e only if you ask him.（3）兩者均可引導從句置于主句之后，也可置于主句之前。但是，當only if 引導的狀語從句置于主句之前時，其后的主句要用倒裝語序，而且 as long as 引導的從句置于主句之前不用倒裝。如：As long as it doesn’t rain we can ，我們就能玩。Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to enter this ，學生才可以進這間屋。（三）provided（providing）(that)，on condition that，given that，in case，suppose(supposing)等都有“如果”“假如”之意。He will do the work providing you pay him 如果你給他錢，他就干活I(lǐng) send you this book on condition that you pay in cash 假如你付現(xiàn)金，這架相機就賣給你Given that he wins the support of the people, he will win the ，他將取得競選的勝利Suppose you fail a second time, do not get disappointed, but try again 假如第二次失敗，別灰心，再試試。五． 讓步狀語從句（一）although, though“雖然，盡管” 引導讓步狀語從句時，句中不能用but表示轉(zhuǎn)折語氣，但可跟yet，still表示轉(zhuǎn)折Although it39。s raining, they are still working in the ，但他們?nèi)栽诘乩锔苫睢＃ǘ〆ver if, even though.“雖然，盡管，即使”We39。ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.（三）“no matter +疑問詞” 或“疑問詞+后綴ever” ：意為“無論…”。No matter what happened, he would not mind.（1）“no matter +疑問詞”不能引導名詞性從句 Whatever you say is of no use have to eat whatever they39。re （2）注意however以下兩類句型結(jié)構(gòu) ① however+主語+謂語：However you travel, it’ll take you at least three ，至少要三天。② however+形容詞或副詞+主語+謂語：However much he eats, he never gets , 他都不發(fā)胖。③ 有時該結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語和謂語可以有所省略：He was of some help, however ，不管多小的忙。I refuse, however favorable the ，我都不接受。（四）讓步狀語從句與倒裝引導倒裝的讓步狀語從句通常用as和though，但不是能用although；as 可以在以上這樣的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中引出讓步狀語，但若不倒裝，則不能用as，而與之相反，although在不倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)中可引導讓步狀語，但在倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)中卻不可以用。（五）讓步狀語從句的虛擬語氣六．目的狀語從句（一）so that，in order that, so, that表示“以便；為了”，so that：如果主句是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句常與may，can，will連用；如果主句是一般過去時，從句常與could，should，would，might連用。We learn English so that we can read English newspapers She came in quietly in order that she couldn’t wake up the baby（二）least，in case，for fear that 表示“以防，以免”，從句的謂語動詞常用虛