【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 yer from the time the goods were handed over to the carrier who issued the documents embodying the contract of carriage. 對(duì)于在運(yùn)輸途中銷售的貨物，從訂立合同時(shí)起，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就移轉(zhuǎn)到買方承擔(dān)。但是，如果情況表明有此需要，從貨物交付給簽發(fā)載有運(yùn)輸合同單據(jù)的承運(yùn)人時(shí)起，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就由買方承擔(dān)。 Passive Voice and Active Voice Sentences The passive voice is widely employed in scientific and technical writing, newspaper writing, governmental or business writing. It is because passive voice can emphasize the action bearer, or have a better and more objective description about a relevant event or stipulation. In contract, the articles of packing, shipment, insurance, payment, and claim, etc. often use passive voice sentence. It can clearly express the rights and obligations of both parties, which can contribute to attain the goal of the contract. For example: Example 1: Payment: To be settled by irrevocable and documentary L/C. 支付：以不可撤銷跟單信用證付款 Example 2: If the payment is to be made against the handing over of the goods or of documents, the place of fulfilling the contract is the place where the handing over takes place. 如憑移交貨物或單據(jù)支付價(jià)款，則移交貨物或單據(jù)的地點(diǎn)為合同履行的地點(diǎn)。 Sometimes, it is inconvenient to mention the subjects of the sentences. For example: Any dispute arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration which shall be conducted in accordance with the Commission’s arbitration rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration, the applicable law should be the laws of . 凡因本合同引起的或與本合同有關(guān)的任何爭(zhēng)議，均應(yīng)提交中國國際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)，按照申請(qǐng)仲裁時(shí)該會(huì) 現(xiàn)行有效的仲裁規(guī)則依據(jù)中華人民共和國法律進(jìn)行仲裁。 Generally, the dispute happens between the two parties of the contracts, but in view of politeness, and establishing good relationship, it is advisable to deal with dispute as a subject rather than parties. Look at the following example. Upon termination or dissolution of the Partnership， the partnership will be promptly liquidated, with all debts being paid first, prior to any distribution of the remaining funds. 合伙企業(yè)一經(jīng)終止或解散，合伙企業(yè)立即清算，在分割剩余財(cái)產(chǎn)前，首先償還所有債務(wù)。 . Long and Complex Sentence The chief characteristic of sentence structure in contract documents is their lengthiness and plicatedness. It is because long sentence can precisely stipulate both parties’ rights and obligations, and reduce ambiguous expressions. These long sentences include many subclauses, attributes, adverbial adjuncts and so on. For example: Example 1: of the invitation for bids provided his bid is reasonable and it is ng with the conditions and specificatons The contract will be awarded to the lowest responsive bidder plying with the conditions and specifications of the invitation for bids provided his bid is reasonable and it is to the interest of the UNFPA to accept it. 采購合同將被授予按照本投標(biāo)邀請(qǐng)函的條件和規(guī)定做出響應(yīng)且標(biāo)價(jià)最低的投標(biāo)人。但是規(guī)定 ,該投標(biāo)人的標(biāo)價(jià)是合理的 ,且符合聯(lián)合國人口基金會(huì)的利益。 Example 2: Should one of the parties to the contract be prevented from executing contract by force majeure, such as earthquake, typhoon, flood, fire, and war and other unforeseen events, and their happening and consequences are unpreventable and unavoidable, the prevented party shall notify the other party by cable or fax without any delay, and within fifteen days thereafter provide the detailed information of the events and a valid document for evidence issued by the relevant public notary anization for explaining the reason of its inability to execute or delay the execution of all or part of the contract . 由于地震、臺(tái)風(fēng)、水災(zāi)、火災(zāi)、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以及其他不能預(yù)見并且對(duì)其發(fā)生和后果不能防止或避免的不可抗力事件，影響任何一方履行合同時(shí)，遇有不可抗力的一方，應(yīng)立即用電報(bào)、傳真通知對(duì)方，并應(yīng)在 15 天內(nèi)提供不可抗力詳情及合同不能履行或者部分不能履行，或者需要延期履行的理由的有效證明文件，此項(xiàng)證明文件應(yīng)由不可抗力發(fā)生地 區(qū)的公證機(jī)構(gòu)做出。 Such long sentences are to be seen easily in contracts, and although long sentences make it difficult to understand and translate, they clearly convey both parties’ rights and obligations. In that way, contract appears more precise, accurate and logical. Textual Features As we know, business English contract is defined as one of the legal documents. It has the formative structure, and as it has been introduced in the Part One, it consists of 3 parts, namely, the head, the body, and the tail. There are two formative structure features of the text. The first one is the application of the legal format. And the second one is the parallel construction. Application of the Legal Format The business contract is a legal document that ensures the rights and obligations of both parties, so it plies with the legal logic, which is “assumption handlesanction”. The legal language requires pleteness and standard, therefore, it often includes the three logical parts into one sentence. Correspondingly, the plex sentences which contain the conditional sentences often appear in the text. Thus “if X, then Y shall do Z” is the format of the legal English. For example, Example 1: If Buyer fails to ply with the conditions of this article, Seller may, in addition to any other remedies, suspend all performance until Buyer has so plied. 若買方未能遵循該條款，賣方除采取其他補(bǔ)救措施以外，可中止履行該合同直至買方繼續(xù)履行該條款。 Example 2: If the test can not be pleted successfully under the Article , Buyer has right to rescind the contract and lodge a claim. 如在 約定的情況下仍未試車成功時(shí)，買方有權(quán)解除合同并要求賠償損失。 . Parallel Construction Parallel construction can make the text smooth and rhythmic. The use of parallel construction in words can be proved from the synonyms mentioned above. From the grammatical level, it can be found in the same construction of the sentences, such as the following examples extracted from the business English contract. Should the Seller fail to deliver the contracted goods or effect the shipment in time by reason of war, flood, fire, storm, heavy snow or any other causes beyond their control, the time of shipment might be duly extended , or alternatively a part or whole of the contract might be cancelled wi