【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 Although he had tri ed to i gnore them , al l hi s m athem atical calcul ati ons l ed to the sam e conclusi on: that the earth was not the centre of the sol ar system . O nl y if you put the sun there did the m ovem ents of the other plas i n the sky m ake sense. Yet he could not tel anyone about hi s theory as the powerful Christi an Church woul d have puni shed him for even suggesti ng such an i dea. They bel i eved God had made the worl d and for that reason the earth was speci al and m ust be the centre of the solar system. The probl em arose because astronom ers had noti ced that som e pl as i n the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward i n the l op. Others appeared bri ghter at times and l ess bri ght at others. Thi s was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and al plas went round i t. Coperni cus had thought l ong and hard about these probl em s and tri ed to fi nd an answer. He had col lected observati ons of the stars and used al his mathem ati cal knowledge to expl ai n them. But only hi s new theory coul d do that. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on i t, gradual y improvi ng his theory until he fel t it was plete. In 1514 he showed it privately to his fri ends. The changes he m ade to the ol d theory were revol uti onary. H e pl aced a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system wi th the plas goi ng round i t and only the m oon stil going round the earth. H e al so suggested that the earth was spi nni ng as i t went round the sun and this expl ai ned changes in the movement of the pl as and i n the brightnes of the stars. Hi s fri ends were enthusi astic and encouraged him to publish his i deas, but Copernicus was cauti ous. He di d not want to be attacked by the Christi an Church, so he only publ ished it as he lay dyi ng i n 1543. Certainl y he was right to be careful . The Christi an Church rejected his theory, sayi ng i t was agai nst God’s idea and peopl e who supported i t would be attacked. Yet Copernicus’ theory i s now the basis on which al our i deas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Chri stian i dea of gravity, which sai d thi ngs tel l to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the uni verse. Coperni cus 1 大鯢 仿生態(tài) 養(yǎng)殖項目 可行性研究報告 them e parks are not only am usi ng but al so educational . Take the Polynesian Cul tural Center (PCC) i n Hawai i for example. It not onl y shows vi si tors the Pol ynesian way of li fe but also protects their skil s and culture for the future. Pol ynesi a is the name given to m any groups of sm al l islands that are spread about the Pacific Ocean. The PC i s set i n 42 acres of beauti ful countrysi de where vi si tors can see seven di fferent traditional Pol ynesi an i sl and vil lages. Vi l agers from m any i sl and m uni ti es e to show visitors thei r styl es of dres and di fferent custom s. For exam pl e, you can see di fferent skil ls of the vi l agers. You can l earn how they make cl othes from bark and how they cl imb very tal l trees wi th their bare feet or see what kind of wedi ng cerem oni es they have. They al so tel you about thei r social custom s and show you thei r cooking m ethods and thei r dances. Thei r most important skil i s boatbuil di ng, whi ch al lowed the i sl anders to expl ore al l the i sl ands in the Pol ynesi an Tri angl e. We know that i n their hi story they were sea travel ers m ovi ng from island to i sl and. They were abl e to fi nd thei r way using the sm el of the wi n, the m ovem ents of the fish and seaweed, and the hei ght and di recti on of the waves. They were very cl ever sail ors. N ow they use those boatbuil di ng skil ls to m ake l ong boats and show the races and the battl es that they tok part i n l ong ago. Al thi s hel ps kep the skil s and the technol ogy of the i sl and peopl e al ive. 必修五 Uni t 1 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA John Snow was a famous doctor i n London—so expert, indeed, that he atended Queen Vi ctori a as her personal physi ci an. But he became i nspired when he thought about helping ordi nary peopl e exposed to chol era. Thi s was the deadly di sease of i ts day. Neither i ts cause nor its cure was understod. So m any thousands of teri fi ed peopl e di ed every tim e there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the chal enge and solve thi s probl em . H e knew that chol era woul d never be control ed unti l i ts cause was found. H e becam e i nterested i n two theori es that possi bl y expl ai ned how chol era ki l ed peopl e. The first suggested that chol era multipli ed i n the ai r. A cl oud of dangerous gas fl oated around unti l it found its victim s. The second suggested that peopl e absorbed thi s di sease into their bodi es wi th their meal s. From the stomach the di sease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person di ed. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evi dence. So when another outbreak hi t London i n 1845, he was ready to begi n hi s enquiry. As the di sease spread qui ckl y through poor neighborhods, he began to gather i nform ati on. In two parti cul ar streets, the chol era outbreak was so severe that more than 500 peopl e died in ten days. H e was determi ned to fi nd out why. Fi rst he m arked on a m ap the exact pl aces where al the dead peopl e had li ved. This gave him a val uabl e cl ue about the cause of the di sease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump i n Broad Street (especi al ly num bers 16, 37, 38 and 40) . H e al so noti ced that som e houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cam bri dge Street) had had no deaths. H e had not foreseen this, so he m ade further i nvestigati ons. H e di scovered that these peopl e worked in the pub at 7 Cam bri dge Stret. They had been gi ven fre beer and so had not drun