【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 out AD800 to 1150, Engl i sh became l ess li ke germ en because those who ruled Engl and spoke first Danish and later French. These new setlers enri ched the Engli sh l anguage and especi al ly i ts vocabul ary. So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was abl e to make use of a wider vocabul ary than ever before. In 1620 some British settl ers moved to Ameri can. Later i n the 18th century some British people were taken to Austral ia too. Engli sh began to be spoken i n both countries. Fi nal y by the 19th century the l anguage was settl ed. At that tim e two bi g changes i n Engli sh spel li ng happened: fi rst Sam uel Johnson wrote hi s di cti onary and later N oah Webster wrote The Am eri can Dicti onary of the Engli sh Language. The latter gave a separate i denti ty to Am eri can Engl ish spel ing. Engl ish now is also spoken as a forei gn or second l anguage i n South Asi a. For exam ple, India has a very large num ber of fluent Engl ish speakers because Britai n rul ed India from 1765 to 1947. duri ng that tim e Engli sh becam e the l anguage for governm ent and education. Engl ish is also spoken in Si ngapore and Mal aysi a and countri es in Afri ca such as South Africa. Today the num ber of peopl e l earni ng Engli sh i n Chi na is i ncreasi ng rapidl y. In fact, Chi na m ay have the l argest num ber of Engli sh l earners. Wil Chinese Engli sh devel op i ts own i denti ty? Only time wi l tel . STAN DARD EN GLISH AND DIALECTS What i s standard Engli sh? Is i t spoken i n Bri tain, the US, Canada, Australi a, Indi a and N ew Zealand? Beli eve i t or not, there i s no such thing as standard Engli sh. Many peopl e bel ieve the Engl ish spoken on TV and the radi o i s standard Engl i sh. Thi s i s because i n the earl y days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excel lent Engli sh. H owever, on TV and the radio you wil hear di ferences i n the way people speak. When peopl e use words and expressi ons di fferent from the “standard l anguage”, it is cal led a dialect. American Engl ish has many dialects, especial y the Midwestern, southern, Afri can Am eri can and Spanish dialects. Even in som e parts of the USA, two peopl e from nei ghbouri ng towns speak a l ittl e differentl y. Am eri can Engli sh has so many di al ects because peopl e have e from al l over the worl d. Geography al so pl ays a part i n m aki ng di al ects. Som e peopl e who li ve i n the mountains of the eastern USA speak wi th an ol der kind of Engli sh di al ect. When Am ericans m oved from one pl ace to another, they tok their di al ects wi th them . So peopl e from the mountai ns i n the southeastern USA speak wi th alm ost the sam e dialects as people i n the northwestern USA. The USA is a l arge country i n whi ch m any di fferent di al ects are spoken. Although many Americans move a lot, they stil recognize and understand each other’s dial ects. THE O XFORD EN GLISH DICTION ARY You m ay thi nk that Engli sh di ctionaries have been used for many, many centuries. The spel ing of Engli sh has always been a problem but it was m ore of a probl em i n the days before a di ctionary. Then people coul d spel word i n different ways whi ch you mi ght fi nd i t interesting. But it m ade reading Engli sh m uch m ore diffi cul t. So dicti onari es were i nvented to encourage everybody to spel the same. In fact, an Engl ish dictionary l ike the kind you use today wasn’t made until the time of the l ate Qing Dynasty. There m en di d m ost of the im portant early work on di cti onari es: Samuel Johnson, N oah Webster, and Jam es Murray. These m en spent nearl y al of their l ives trying to col ect words for their dictionaries. For them, it wasn’t only a job。 it was a wonderful journey of di scovery. The l argest di cti onary i n the world i s the O xford Engl ish Di ctionary, or OED for short. The i dea for thi s di cti onary cam e from an im portant m eeting i n Britai n i n 1857. Twentytwo years later, O xford Uni versi ty asked James Muray to be the edi tor of its new di cti onary. Murray had never been to col ege. At the age of fourteen, he l eft hi s vil lage school i n Scotl and and taught him self whil e working i n a bank. Later he becam e a great teacher. After O xford gave hi m the job, Murray had a place bui lt in the garden behind his house to do his work. Part of it was one meter underground. In winter i t felt l ike a barn, he had to wear a heavy coat and put hi s feet 1 第一章 總 論 項(xiàng)目提要 項(xiàng)目單位基本情況 項(xiàng)目單位名稱(chēng)： 吉林三江牧業(yè)有限公司 所有制形式： 有限公司 企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)狀況： 公司注冊(cè)資金 500 萬(wàn)元，截止到 20xx 年 3月底，公司資產(chǎn)總計(jì) ，其中固定資產(chǎn) ，流動(dòng)資產(chǎn) 萬(wàn)元，流動(dòng)負(fù)債 萬(wàn)元。 項(xiàng)目建設(shè)內(nèi)容 項(xiàng)目名稱(chēng)： 年屠宰 100 萬(wàn) 羽 鵝加工項(xiàng)目 建設(shè)性質(zhì)：擴(kuò)建（新增） 建設(shè)地點(diǎn)： 吉林省雙遼市茂林鎮(zhèn) 建設(shè)規(guī)模：項(xiàng)目建成后， 年屠宰能力達(dá)到 100 萬(wàn) 羽 鵝 。 主要建設(shè)內(nèi)容： 建設(shè) 屠宰加工車(chē)間 1000 平方米、冷庫(kù) 400 平方米、待宰棚 500 平方米 ，配備相關(guān)的公用工程 。 項(xiàng)目建設(shè)方案 技術(shù)來(lái)源及先進(jìn)性： 公司經(jīng)多年的努力，已培養(yǎng)一批專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)人才，已初具科研開(kāi)發(fā)能力，依托中國(guó)畜產(chǎn)品加工研究會(huì)、吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)、中國(guó)農(nóng)科院等科研單位，聘請(qǐng)家禽養(yǎng)殖、疾病防疫、飼料加工、鵝肉深加工方面的著名專(zhuān)家教授合作，開(kāi)展科研與產(chǎn)品研發(fā)，在科研開(kāi)發(fā)上具有一定優(yōu)勢(shì)。 進(jìn)度安排： 。 10 July 1942 When we arived at Prinsengracht, we went qui ckl y upstai rs and the hi di ng pl ace. We cl osed the dor behi nd us and we were alone. Margot had e faster on her bicycl e and already waiting for us. Al l the rooms were ful of boxes. They lay on the floor and the beds. The li ttl e rom was fi l ed wi th bedcl othes. We had to start cl earing up at once, i f we wi shed to sl eep i n fortabl e beds that ni ght. Mummy and Margot were not abl e to help. They were ti red and lay down on their beds. But Daddy and I, the two “hel per” of the family, started at once. The whol e day we unpacked the boxes, fil led the cupboards and tidied, until we were extremel y tired. We did sl ep in cl ean beds that night. We hadn’t had any warm fod to eat al day, but we didn’t care. Mummy and Margot were to tired and worried to eat, and Dady and I were too busy. FRIENDSH IP IN H AWAII Every cul ture has i ts own ways to show fri endshi p. O n the isl ands of H awai, friendship is par