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他人像家長對待孩子一樣。主張在某些領域為了公民自身的利益可以不顧其意志而限制其自由或自治。 課堂展示:美國當前政府比較關注的三個問題 ?社會保障 ?醫(yī)療保險 ?教育 ?TFA 思考 ? 如果政府出臺一項政策,允許家庭儲蓄總額在 5萬美元以下的學生免費就讀公立學校,討論這項政策帶來的影響。 ? 定時洗手可以減少許多疾病的傳播。請問政府可以根據(jù)這一結論而做出怎樣的干預行為? ? 假設一個只有兩個居民的社會: Bill and Ted: ? 這些政策有沒有 提高社會福利?有沒有哪一種政策明顯不是最優(yōu)的? 外部性 ( ) ? 負外部性: ? Global warming ? Imagine two neighboring farmers ? Each has two choices: farm his own land, or steal crops from his neighbor ? Stealing is less efficient than planting my own crops ? Have to carry the crops from your land to mine ? Might drop some along the way ? Have to steal at night ? move slower ? If I steal your crops, I avoid the effort of planting and watering ? Suppose that planting and watering costs 5, the crops either farmer could grow are worth 15, and stealing costs 3 10, 10 5, 12 12, 5 0, 0 Farm Steal Farm Steal Player 2 Player 1 We look for equilibrium: ? Sludge dump ? Cigarette consumption SUV ?外部性? 正外部性 ? 油井勘探 如何通過私人市場解決外部性的問題? ?科斯定理:只要財產權是明確的,并且交易成本為零或者足夠小,那么,無論在開始時將財產權賦予誰,市場均衡的最終結果都是有效率的,實現(xiàn)資源配置的帕雷托最優(yōu)。 ? Suppose there were lots of farmers facing this same problem ? They e up with an idea: ? Institute some property rights