11_diffusionofinnovations創(chuàng)新的擴(kuò)散(編輯修改稿)
2025-03-17 17:22 本頁(yè)面
【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 n innovation with private consequences The pressure of social works Spatial effects geographic proximity interpersonal munication institutional or individual coercion 創(chuàng)新的特征之二： Benefits vs. costs ? Cost： moary and nonmoary direct and indirect costs, or risks associated with the adoption of an innovation ? Direct costs, or financial uncertainty： patents of industrial innovation, new agricultural seeds, fertilizers or equipment, puteroperated machines, satellite antennas, or reform of social policies ? Indirect costs, or technical uncertainty： time spent on retraining a labor force to use an innovation。 social cost such as innovationinduced social conflict（例如計(jì)劃生育在農(nóng)村社會(huì)的沖突） Characteristics of Innovators ? Characteristics of innovators ? societal entity ? familiarity with the innovation ? status characteristics ? socioeconomic characteristics ? position in social works ? personal characteristics 創(chuàng)新者特征之一： Societal entity of innovators ? 創(chuàng)新者的劃分 ? Large collective actors ? Small collective actors ? Individual actors ? 創(chuàng)新者的影響變量 ? the type of innovation selected for adoption ? the nature of interactions between the source of an innovation and an adopter ? the importance of strong vs. weak social ties in adoption ? the macro vs. micro character of adoption outes Adoptions by large collective actors ? 創(chuàng)新的類(lèi)型：大規(guī)模的歷史變革 ? educational models ? welfare policies ? land reform models ? democracy models ? patent laws ? state policy Small collective actors ? Small collective actors包括： ? firm works ? Organizations ? groups of friends ? 采納的創(chuàng)新 ? multinational enterprise (MNE) strategy by mature motor vehicle industries ? the style of management of newly merged industrial units ? strategies of violence adopted by youth gang members Individual actors ? 成員是否采納創(chuàng)新很大程度上取決于 ? interactions through strong ties, such as the munity ties and facetoface interactions ? the work connectedness that facilitates interpersonal interactions ? patibility between the characteristics of an innovation and the needs of an actor 創(chuàng)新者特征之二： Familiarity with the innovation ? the rate of adoption of an innovation—all other factors being equal—increases as its novelty decreases (Greve 1998) ? 提高創(chuàng)新熟悉度的方法 ? media information ? the opinion of experts ? observing the outes of other actors ? information obtained from close peers located in social and anizational works 創(chuàng)新者特征之三： Status characteristics ? Collective actors with high status usually adopt an innovation first and then impose adoption of the innovation on lower status actors ? Low economic status of third world countries dramatically slowed the worldwide diffusion of modern agricultural practices ? Highstatus collective actors can also affect individual adoptions: 例如發(fā)展中國(guó)家，政府對(duì)那些采用新的農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的農(nóng)民提供補(bǔ)貼 創(chuàng)新者特征之三： Status characteristics ? The predictive power of an individual actor’ s status on adoption of an innovation varies positively with the prominence of the actor’ s position in a work ? Weimann Brosius (1994) argued that an actor’ s status characteristics interact with media effects because media mainly affect highstatus members who identify innovations and then spread them within a group of lowerstatus members 創(chuàng)新者特征之四： socioeconomic characteristics ? Two categories of socioeconomic variables ? Economic ? Sociodemographic ? Individual actor variables ? Education level ? Economic wellbeing
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