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nnel Indirect Channel Industrial distributors Manufacturer Consumer Manufacturer’s representative Manufacturer’s sales branch 產(chǎn)業(yè)營銷渠道 渠道寬度 定義: 指企業(yè)在某一市場上幵列地使用中間商的數(shù)量 渠道寬度的選擇 1)獨(dú)家分銷:在一定地匙、一定時(shí)間內(nèi)只選擇一家中間商經(jīng)銷或代理,授予對(duì)方獨(dú)家經(jīng)營權(quán)。 2)密集分銷:利用盡可能多的中間商從亊產(chǎn)品的分校,是渠道盡可能加寬。 3)選擇性分銷:在市場上選擇部分中間商經(jīng)營本企業(yè)產(chǎn)品。 渠道水平結(jié)構(gòu) ? Intensive: To stock and supply products to every available outlet giving a mass market coverage, ideal for confectionery and convenience products such as cigarettes, bread and milk. ? Exclusive: To choose one outlet within a geographic location to stock and supply products such as cars. Inconvenience for consumers but a premium price for manufacturers. ? Selective: To choose a certain select number of outlets to stock its products, somewhere between intensive and extensive. . perfume that needs specialized sales people for selling. 渠道縱向和平面結(jié)構(gòu)決策的影響因素 零級(jí) 渠道 多級(jí) 渠道 獨(dú)家 分銷 選擇 分銷 密集 分銷 使用 顧客 購買 頻率 商品 價(jià)位 技術(shù) 含量 服務(wù) 要求 多 少 低 低 低 低 高 高 高 高 4 垂直營銷系統(tǒng) Manufacturer Retailer Wholesaler Manufacturer Wholesaler Retailer Consumer Consumer Corporate Common Ownership at Different Levels of the Channel . Sears Contractual Contractual Agreements Among Channel Members Administered Leadership is Assumed by One or a Few Dominant Members . Kraft 控制 程度 垂直營銷系統(tǒng)分類 水平營銷系統(tǒng)與復(fù)合營銷系統(tǒng) Horizontal Marketing System Two or More Companies at One Channel Level Join Together to Follow a New Marketing Opportunity. Example: Banks in Grocery Stores Hybrid Marketing System A Single Firm Sets Up Two or More Marketing Channels to Reach One or More Customer Segments. Example: Retailers, Catalogs, and Sales Force 渠道去中間化 A Major Trend is Toward Disintermediation Which Means that Product and Service Producers are Bypassing Intermediaries and Going Directly to Final Buyers or That New Types of Channel Intermediaries are Emerging to Displace Traditional Ones. 5 物流與供應(yīng)鏈管理 ? 物流: 為了降低物流成本達(dá)到客戶所滿意的服務(wù)水平,對(duì)物流活勱進(jìn)行的計(jì)劃、組織、協(xié)調(diào)不控制 。 ? 物流管理的對(duì)象: 包裝、裝卸搬運(yùn)、儲(chǔ)存、運(yùn)輸、流通加工、配送和物流信息處理。 ? 供應(yīng)鏈:利用計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)全面規(guī)劃供應(yīng)鏈中的商流、物流、信息流、資金流等,幵進(jìn)行計(jì)劃、組織、協(xié)調(diào)不控制 。 ? 供應(yīng)鏈管理的主要領(lǐng)域有: 供應(yīng),生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃,物流,需求,戰(zhàn)略性供應(yīng)商和用戶合作伙伴關(guān)系管理,供應(yīng)鏈產(chǎn)品需求預(yù)測和計(jì)劃,供應(yīng)鏈的設(shè)計(jì),企業(yè)內(nèi)部之間物料供應(yīng)不需求管理,基于供應(yīng)鏈管理的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)不制造管理、生產(chǎn)集成化計(jì)劃、跟蹤和控制,基于供應(yīng)鏈的用戶服務(wù)和物流管理,企業(yè)間資金流管理,基于 Inter的供應(yīng)鏈交互信息管理等。 ? 供應(yīng)鏈管理涉及的內(nèi)容要龐大得多,是通過前饋的信息流和反饋的物料流及信息流,將供應(yīng)商、制造商、分銷商、零售商,直到最終用戶連成一個(gè)整體的管理模式。 物流目標(biāo) Lower Distribution Costs。 Lower Cu