foundationsofplanning7(編輯修改稿)
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【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 in the anization). 9 Copyright 169。 2023 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. * Types of Plans ? Strategic Plans ?Apply to the entire anization. ?Establish the anization’s overall goals. ?Seek to position the anization in terms of its environment. ?Cover extended periods of time. ? Operational Plans ?Specify the details of how the overall goals are to be achieved. ?Cover short time period 10 Copyright 169。 2023 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. * Types of Plans (cont’d) ? LongTerm Plans ?Plans with time frames extending beyond three years ? ShortTerm Plans ?Plans with time frames on one year or less ? Specific Plans ?Plans that are clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation ? Directional Plans ?Flexible plans that set out general guidelines, provide focus, yet allow discretion in implementation. 11 Copyright 169。 2023 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. * Types of Plans (cont’d) ? SingleUse Plan ?A onetime plan specifically designed to meet the need of a unique situation. ? Standing Plans ?Ongoing plans that provide guidance for activities performed repeatedly. 12 Copyright 169。 2023 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. * Approaches to Establishing Goals ? Traditional Goal Setting ?Broad goals are set at the top of the anization. ?Goals are then broken into subgoals for each anizational level. ?Assumes that top management knows best because they can see the “big picture.” ?Goals are intended to direct, guide, and constrain from above. ?Goals lose clarity and focus as lowerlevel managers attempt to interpret and define the goals for their areas of responsibility. 13 Copyright 169。 2023 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. * Approaches to Establishing Goals (cont’d) ? Maintaining the Hierarchy of Goals ?MeansEnds Chain ?The integrated work of goals that results from a establishing a clearlydefined hierarchy of anizational goals. ?Achievement of lowerlevel goals is the means by whi
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