【文章內(nèi)容簡介】
ment of trade beginning about 4000 . mark the beginning of the modern era of travel. Not only were the Sumerians first to grasp the idea of money and use it in business transactions but also to invent cuneiform writing and the wheel, so they should be credited as the founders of the travel business. People could now pay for transportation and acmodations with money or by barter. 第一節(jié) 十九世紀(jì)中葉以前的旅行發(fā)展 ? 1480 . 古埃及荷賽特女王訪問旁特地區(qū) ( 非洲東海岸 , 今索馬里 ) ―― 世界上第一次以和平觀光為目的的旅游活動(dòng) 。 Probably the first journey ever made for purposes of peace and tourism was made by Queen Hatshepsut to the lands of Punt (believed to be on the east coast of Africa) in 1480 . ? 底比斯的門農(nóng)巨人是古代旅行者神往的地方,其底座雕刻著公元前 5世紀(jì)希臘旅行家的名字記載。 The Colossi of Memnon at Thebes have on their pedestals the names of Greek tourists of the 5th century . 第一節(jié) 十九世紀(jì)中葉以前的旅行發(fā)展 ? ( 2700 . 古埃及法老們開始利用尼羅河流域優(yōu)質(zhì)的建筑石料,精心建造他們的墳?zāi)埂0ǖ录s瑟法老的階梯式金字塔、獅身人面像以及坐落在吉薩的三大金字塔和建造在阿布色的金字塔群) ? 1600 . 1200 . 大批游客前往金字塔觀賞,其主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)是好奇荷純粹的欣賞,并不含宗教因素。These great outdoor wonders began attracting large numbers as early as the New Kingdom from 1600 to 1200 ., yet their prime motivation was curiosity or disinterested enjoyment, not religion. 第一節(jié) 十九世紀(jì)中葉以前的旅行發(fā)展 ? 776 . 開始 , 城市國家的居民每個(gè)四年就聚集一次 , 通過參加體育比賽來紀(jì)念希臘神宙斯 , 這樣就誕生了四個(gè)國家性的節(jié)日活動(dòng):奧運(yùn)會(huì) 、 皮托競技會(huì) 、 科林斯地峽運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)和尼米亞賽會(huì) , 每個(gè)節(jié)日活動(dòng)只向一個(gè)神供奉祭品并進(jìn)行禱告 。 Beginning in 776 ., citizens of the city states came together every four years to honor Zeus through athletic petition. Eventually, four of these national festivals emerged: the Olympic Games, Pythian Games, Isthmian Games, and Nemean Games. Each festival included sacrifice and prayer to a single god. They honored the deity by offering up a superlative athletic or artistic performance. 第一節(jié) 十九世紀(jì)中葉以前的旅行發(fā)展 ? 334 . 亞歷山大一世在小亞細(xì)亞的以弗所 (在現(xiàn)在的土耳其境內(nèi) ) 建立了民主政府 , 僅在一個(gè)季節(jié)里 , 就有 70萬人涌入以弗所 , 觀賞雜技表演 、動(dòng)物表演和魔術(shù)表演 In Asia Minor, beginning with the installation of a democratic government in Ephesus by Alexander the Great in 334 ., some 700,000 tourists would crowd in Ephesus (in what is now Turkey) in a single season to be entertained by the acrobats, animal acts, jugglers, magicians, and prostitutes who filled the streets. 第一節(jié) 十九世紀(jì)中葉以前的旅行發(fā)展 (二 )封建社會(huì)的旅行活動(dòng) 中國封建社會(huì) ( 1) 交通 ? 秦朝 “ 馳道 ” , 構(gòu)成全國性交通網(wǎng) ? 秦漢時(shí)期 , 沿交通要道分設(shè)亭 、 郵 、 驛 、 傳 。 ? “ 絲綢之路 ” ( 2) 旅行活動(dòng)內(nèi)容:帝王巡游 、 宗教旅行 、 士人漫游 、公務(wù)旅行 、 考察旅行 ( 3) 著名的旅行家:隋煬帝 , 清乾隆帝;玄奘 、 鑒真;李白 、