【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 nal Symposium on FaultTolerant Computing, Madison, IEEE CS Press, June 1999, pp. 3037 [8] 苗奪謙. Rough Set理論在機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)中的應(yīng)用研究[博士學(xué)位論文]. 中國(guó)科學(xué)院自動(dòng)化研究所, 北京, 1997 [9] 南京大學(xué), 天津大學(xué), 重慶大學(xué), 等. 粘滯流體力學(xué). 北京: 高等教育出版社, 1987[10] GB90781996, 工業(yè)爐窯大氣污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn).[11] Clark D W. The memory system of a high performance personal puter. Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Tech Rep: CSL811, 1981[12] MC88100 RSIC Microprocessor User’s Manual (Second edition). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1990[13] , 200310[14] DeVale J. Measuring operating system robustness. ~koopman/thesis/, 200403 [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] 36附　錄 附錄題目【在這里寫附錄內(nèi)容】對(duì)于一些不宜放在正文中，但有參考價(jià)值的內(nèi)容，可編入附錄中。此項(xiàng)為可選項(xiàng)目。附錄大致包括如下一些材料：（1）比正文更為詳盡的理論根據(jù)、研究方法和技術(shù)要點(diǎn)，建議可以閱讀的參考文獻(xiàn)的題錄，對(duì)了解正文內(nèi)容有用的補(bǔ)充信息等。（2）由于篇幅過(guò)長(zhǎng)或取材于復(fù)制品而不宜寫入正文的材料。（3）某些重要的原始數(shù)據(jù)、公式推導(dǎo)、軟件源程序、框圖、結(jié)構(gòu)圖、統(tǒng)計(jì)表等。外文資料翻譯“外文資料譯文”用三號(hào)黑體居中打印，下空一行打印外文原文內(nèi)容（小四Times New Roman字體），另起新頁(yè)打印中文翻譯（小四宋體）。 外文資料翻譯 PLAIN CARBON STEELAny steelmaking process is capable of producing a product that has % or less carbon. With this small amount of carbon, the properties approach of pure iron with maximum ductility and minimum strength. Maximum ductility is desirable from the standpoint of ease in deformation processing and service use. Minimum strength is desirable for deformation processing. However, higher strengths than that obtainable with this low carbon are desirable from the standpoint of product design. The most practical means of increasing the strength is by the addition or retention of some carbon. However, it should be fully understood that any increase of strength over that pure iron can be obtained only at the expense of some loss of ductility, and the final choice is always a promise of some degree. Because of the difficulty of position control or the additional operation of increasing carbon content, the cost of higher carbon, higher strength steel is greater than of low carbon.Plain Carbon Steels Most Used. Because of their low cost, the majority of steels used are plain carbon steels. These consist of iron bined with carbon concentrated in there ranges classed as low carbon,medium carbon, and high carbon. With the exception of manganese used to control sulphur, other elements are present only in small enough quantities to be considered as impurities, though in some cases they may have minor effect on properties of the material.Low Carbon. Steel with approximately 6 to 25 points of carbon (%～%)are rated as low carbon steels and are rarely hardened by heat treatment because the low carbon content permits so little formation of hard magnesite that the process is relatively ineffective. Enormous tonnages of these low carbon steels are processed in such structural shapes as sheet, strip,rod,plate,pipe,and wire. A large portion of the material is cold worked in its final processing to improve its hardness, strength, and surfacefinish grades containing 20 points or less of carbon are susceptible to considerable plastic flow and are frequently used as deepdrawn products or may be used as a ductile core for casehardened material. The low lain carbon steels are reality brazed, welded, and forged.Medium Carbon. The medium carbon steels (%～%)contain sufficient carbon that they may be heat treated for desirable strength, hardness, machinability, or other properties. The hardness of plain carbon steels in this range cannot be increased sufficiently for the material to serve satisfactorily as cutting tools,but the loadcarrying capacity of the steels can be raised considerably, while still retaining sufficient ductility for good toughness. The majority of the steel is furnished in the hotrolled condition and is often machined for final finishing. It can be welded,but is more difficult to join by this method than the low carbon steel because of structural changes caused by welding heat in localized areas. High Carbon. High carbon steel contains from 50 to 160 points of carbon (%～%). This group of steels is classed as tool and die steel, in which hardness is the principal property desired. Because of the fast reaction time and resulting low hardenability, and its associated danger of distortion or cracking, it is seldom possible to develop fully of heattreathardened plain carbon steel is low pared to that of alloy steels with the same strength, but, even so, carbon steel is frequently used because of its lower cost.ALLOY STEELSAlthough plain carbon steels work well for many uses and are the cheapest steels and therefore the most used, they cannot pletely fulfill the requirements for some work. Individual or groups of properties can be improved by addition of various elements in the form of alloys. Even plain carbon steels are alloys of at least iron, carbon, and manganese, but