【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 ty二甲醚發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的研究與開(kāi)發(fā) Research and Development of DME Engines 劉圣華教授 Prof. Liu Shenghua考慮到我國(guó)的石油儲(chǔ)量、產(chǎn)量、進(jìn)口和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對(duì)石油的需求，大力發(fā)展石油替代和提高內(nèi)燃機(jī)的效率對(duì)緩解石油緊張，實(shí)現(xiàn)能源多樣化和可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要意義。二甲醚燃料具有沸點(diǎn)低、十六烷值高的特點(diǎn)，適合壓燃發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，主要存在的問(wèn)題是易氣化、潤(rùn)滑性差，需要對(duì)燃料供給系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行全新的設(shè)計(jì)。由于二甲醚高含氧，燃燒無(wú)顆粒排放，易于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)采用EGR降低NOx排放。西安交大開(kāi)展二甲醚均質(zhì)壓燃和直噴壓燃兩種燃燒模式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的研究，表明二甲醚特別適合作為均質(zhì)壓燃發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃料，均質(zhì)壓燃二甲醚發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的空燃比、轉(zhuǎn)速以及負(fù)荷需要耦合聯(lián)動(dòng)，可以獲得理想的經(jīng)濟(jì)和排放特性。直噴壓燃柴油機(jī)燃用二甲醚后，其動(dòng)力性提高，經(jīng)濟(jì)性略有改善，對(duì)于自然吸氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的排放可以滿(mǎn)足國(guó)Ⅲ、增壓帶EGR可以滿(mǎn)足國(guó)Ⅳ排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。進(jìn)一步利用二甲醚的燃料特性，采用深度EGR，二甲醚發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的排放可以采用類(lèi)似汽油機(jī)三效催化反應(yīng)器，使排放滿(mǎn)足更高排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。In consideration of the petroleum deposit, production, import and requirement of the development of our economy, improving fuel efficiency as well as applying alternative fuels are two big ways to deal with the shortage of petroleum based fuels, so that multiple fuel policy and sustainable development can be achieved. Dimethyl Ether (DME) is a kind of alternative fuel for pression ignition engines with lower boiling temperature and high enough octane number. The problems are lower lubricity and easier evaporating, which needs a new design fuel system. Due to its higher oxygen content, no smoke bustion is quite suitable for EGR to reduce DME engine NOx formation and emission.Much research activities have carried out to study DME as engine clean alternative fuel in Xi’an Jiaotong University. DME is the best fuel for HCCI engine。 the engine can run under joint control of A/F, speed and power with a good economy and low emissions. For a natural aspired direct injection pression ignition engine to run on DME, the engine emissions can easily to meet EURO Ⅲ, and for a TC DME engine, its emission can meet EURO Ⅳ standards with help of EGR, while the DME engines have a better power performance and equivalence fuel economy pared with their original diesel engines. To take the advantage of DME, deep EGR studies show that the DI CI DME engine can run under stoichiometric A/F ratio, so that threeway catalyst converter can be utilized to further emission regulations like gasoline engines.八、清華大學(xué)，汽車(chē)安全與節(jié)能?chē)?guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室Tsinghua University, State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy生物柴油在車(chē)用內(nèi)燃機(jī)上的應(yīng)用The Application of Biodiesel on Internal Combustion Engine for Vehicle王建昕Wang Jianxin簡(jiǎn)要介紹了生物柴油目前在中國(guó)的生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)狀和可能利用的資源情況?；谠囼?yàn)研究結(jié)果分析了柴油中低比例摻混生物柴油時(shí)對(duì)柴油機(jī)性能的影響、生物柴油的非常規(guī)排放特性、以及高比例摻混生物柴油時(shí)大幅度降低柴油機(jī)微粒排放的效果以及不用后處理達(dá)國(guó)4排放的可能性。最后提出了盡快在我國(guó)車(chē)用柴油機(jī)上推廣應(yīng)用生物柴油的幾點(diǎn)建議。The current status and the possible resources of biodiesel were briefly presented in this paper. Based on the research of engine experiment, the effects of blending fuel with the low proportion of biodiesel/diesel on diesel engine performance, the characteristics of unregulated emissions fuelling biodiesel, as well as the achieved results of significant reduction of particulate matter on diesel engine fuelled with high proportion of biodiesel/diesel and the possibility to meet Chinese 4th stage Emission regulation without aftertreatment, were analyzed. Finally, some suggestions for the popularization and application of biodiesel as soon as possible on internal bustion engine for vehicle in China were put forward.九、江蘇大學(xué)JiangSu University生物柴油的應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究The Basic Research of Biodiesel Fuel王忠Wang Zhong，成為全球汽車(chē)產(chǎn)銷(xiāo)第一大國(guó)。我國(guó)非道路用柴油機(jī)的總產(chǎn)量居全球第一，單缸柴油機(jī)年產(chǎn)量突破900萬(wàn)臺(tái)。2009年我國(guó)石油對(duì)外依存度達(dá)到52%，石油燃料的緊張已經(jīng)威脅到我國(guó)的能源安全。此外，非道路用柴油機(jī)的NOx和PM排放已占柴油機(jī)排放總量的20%和36%，應(yīng)該引起人們的重視，針對(duì)非道路用柴油機(jī)尾氣排放的問(wèn)題，美國(guó)EPA、美國(guó)加州空氣資源局（CARB）、歐盟（EU）、日本均制定了較嚴(yán)格的非道路用柴油機(jī)排放法規(guī)。報(bào)告分為3個(gè)部分，第一部分介紹了生物柴油的理化特性與燃料設(shè)計(jì)；第二部分介紹了生物柴油的噴霧、燃燒過(guò)程研究情況；第三部分介紹了生物柴油排放污染物（常規(guī)與非常規(guī)）的檢測(cè)與控制技術(shù)的研究。生物柴油是由動(dòng)植物油脂與醇（例如甲醇或乙醇）經(jīng)過(guò)酯交換反應(yīng)制得的脂肪酸單烷基酯，最典型的為脂肪酸甲酯，生物柴油一般是由飽和脂肪酸甲酯（C14:0～C24:0）和不飽和脂肪酸甲酯（C16:1～C22:C18:C18:3）組成，不飽和脂肪酸甲酯中雙鍵的數(shù)量和位置對(duì)燃料十六烷值有很大的影響。生物柴油是一種綠色、可再生清潔能源，具有閃點(diǎn)高，運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存安全的特點(diǎn)，并能以任意比例與石化柴油摻燒，有利于維持全球二氧化碳排放平衡，減輕溫室效應(yīng)。美國(guó)EPA研究結(jié)果表明，燃用生物柴油（BD100） 可以使二氧化碳排放量降低78%，致癌物成分減少94%，生物柴油的降解速度是傳統(tǒng)柴油的四倍，是唯一成功通過(guò)《清潔空氣法》排放測(cè)試的燃料。歐洲生物柴油主要應(yīng)用在公路運(yùn)輸、船舶航運(yùn)、農(nóng)業(yè)動(dòng)力、家庭取暖等，并且具有完善的市場(chǎng)激勵(lì)機(jī)制。我國(guó)的柴油機(jī)燃用BD5生物柴油的可靠性試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間燃用BD5生物柴油，性能不會(huì)出現(xiàn)惡化，零部件磨損與柴油基本一致。生物柴油整車(chē)排放結(jié)果表明，按照15循環(huán)測(cè)試，生物柴油HC、CO、PM排放下降幅度可達(dá)50%左右，%。 報(bào)告介紹了國(guó)內(nèi)外各高校、科研院所（德國(guó)Stuttgart大學(xué)、美國(guó)Pennsylvania大學(xué)、英國(guó)Birmingham大學(xué)、美國(guó)Lawrence實(shí)驗(yàn)室、法國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)研究院）在生物柴油基礎(chǔ)理論領(lǐng)域的研究工作，重點(diǎn)介紹了我國(guó)在生物柴油的分子結(jié)構(gòu)、燃料組分、十六烷值、密度、碘值、運(yùn)動(dòng)粘度、低溫流動(dòng)性、氧化安定性、噴霧、燃燒等領(lǐng)域所開(kāi)展的工作及成果。我國(guó)發(fā)展生物柴油產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)有：成本偏高、低溫流動(dòng)性較差、氧化安定性較差、NOx排放較高等。生物柴油低溫流動(dòng)性、氧化安定性等方面存在的問(wèn)題，可以通過(guò)技術(shù)手段解決，NOX排放可以降低到礦物柴油的水平，并可以減輕二氧化碳排放。在生物柴油制備過(guò)程中，采用低飽和度原料油或較長(zhǎng)鏈或支鏈醇，可以獲得良好的低溫流動(dòng)性；在生物柴油使用過(guò)程中，添加低溫改進(jìn)劑也可以有效改善生物柴油的低溫流動(dòng)性。添加BHA、BHT、TBHQ等抗氧化劑可以顯著提高生物柴油的氧化安定性。采用過(guò)氧化法、抗氧化法、微乳化法對(duì)生物柴油進(jìn)行燃料的重新設(shè)計(jì)，可以將生物柴油NOX排放降低到超低硫柴油的水平。生物柴油可以在國(guó)Ⅱ、國(guó)Ⅲ柴油機(jī)上長(zhǎng)期燃用，柴油機(jī)性能與燃燒礦物柴油的性能一樣，具有滿(mǎn)足國(guó)Ⅳ排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的潛力，但需要開(kāi)發(fā)相應(yīng)的燃料管理、排放控制系統(tǒng)。礦物柴油與生物柴油的非常規(guī)排放污染物也同樣引起了人們的重視，美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)署（EPA）、歐洲化學(xué)品管理署（ECHA）等紛紛制定法規(guī)限制柴油機(jī)的非常規(guī)排放污染物。我國(guó)的《大氣污染物綜合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》也有一些檢測(cè)和限制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。報(bào)告還介紹了生物柴油與礦物柴油非常規(guī)排放污染物的研究情況。研究結(jié)果表明，生物柴油（BD100）的羰基類(lèi)污染物低于礦物柴油（BD0）?？傯驶欧臖D0 BD50BD100；苯系物排放BD0BD50BD100；總單環(huán)芳香烴排放（MAHs）BD0BD50BD100。我國(guó)幅員遼闊，發(fā)展生物柴油產(chǎn)業(yè)有利于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品深加工，提高土地利用率，增加農(nóng)民收入，緩解我國(guó)能源短缺的現(xiàn)狀。非道路柴油機(jī)移動(dòng)范圍小，生物柴油存儲(chǔ)、添加方便，來(lái)源豐富；減少運(yùn)輸成本，有利于環(huán)境保護(hù)；燃料泄漏對(duì)土壤、河流、海洋不會(huì)造成污染；在農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)、湖泊、海洋用的動(dòng)力機(jī)械有廣泛應(yīng)用前景。生物柴油的基礎(chǔ)研究領(lǐng)域仍有許多工作需要開(kāi)展，污染物的生成機(jī)理、控制策略、推廣應(yīng)用等等。China39。s automobile production and sale were million and million in 2009. It is the world39。s automobile production and sale superpower, and China39。s nonroad diesel engine production ranking first in the world. More importantly, China39。s oil dependency of import reached 52% in 2009, energy tensions bees a great threat to national energy security. In addition, the NOx and PM emissions of nonroad diesel engine have reached 20% and 36% of the total diesel engien emissions, which should cause people39。s attention. . EPA, California Air Resources Board (CARB) and Japan have already developed more stringent nonroad diesel engine emission regulations.This report is divided into three parts,the first part describes the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel. The second part describes the research situation of spray and bustion process. The third section describes the detection and emission c