【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 eptable to all people and join the mon words. Among these words are slang, jargon, dialectal and obsolete words. They may be called nonstandard words. We need to understand them but should avoid using them, unless in special situations.另有一類詞匯：那些沒受過良好教育或特殊群體的人在使用，例如某個(gè)特定區(qū)域或年齡段的人。其中一些詞匯可能對一般人來說不好理解，短期內(nèi)就消失了。還有一些可能被繼續(xù)使用，為大家所接受并納入常用詞匯。其中包括俚語，術(shù)語、方言和陳舊的詞語，可以稱之為不規(guī)范語。我們需要理解但應(yīng)避免使用，除非在特殊情況下。Here are examples of the first and second kinds of words:如下是第一和第二種的例詞：same speech learned destroy stiff try pieceidentical oration erudite annihilate rigid endeavor fragmentIn the first row are mon words and in the second formal words. It can be seen at a glance that those mon words are used in everyday conversation and in informal writing like personal letters, diaries and stories. Those in the second row are used only in formal writing like articles documents, research papers, manuals and in public speaking.第一行是常用詞，第二行是正式詞。那些一目了然的常用詞被用于日常會(huì)話和非正式寫作，如私人信函、日記和逸事。第二行那些詞僅用于正式文獻(xiàn)，如法規(guī)文件、研究論文、說明書和公共演講。The difference between these two types of words is very important, for their presence or absence has much to do with style, 區(qū)分這兩類詞匯很重要，使用與否更多是和風(fēng)格有關(guān)。Compare:比較：I saw a ghost, and I was frightened to death.我看到一個(gè)幽靈，被嚇得要死。I saw an apparition, and it reduced me to a condition of mortal terror.我看到一個(gè)幽靈，使我陷入極度恐慌的狀態(tài)。The first sentence is informal and colloquial, and the second is much more formal, because it contains such formal words as apparition, reduce, condition, mortal and terror. The two sentences are similar in structure and meaning, so it is the words in them that make them different in style. Of course, people seldom say anything like the second sentence in daily conversation.第一句是非正式和口語化的，第二句更加正式，因?yàn)樗T如apparition（幽靈）, reduce（使…陷入某種狀態(tài)中）, condition（狀況、狀態(tài)、環(huán)境）, mortal（極度的、極大的） 和terror（驚恐、恐懼）等正式詞。這兩個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和意思相似，所含詞匯使它們呈現(xiàn)不同的風(fēng)格。當(dāng)然，人們很少會(huì)在日常會(huì)話中象第二句那樣說話。As we make progress in our study of English, we certainly learn more and more words. It is a good policy to find a mon word of similar meaning when we learn a formal of “big” word.當(dāng)我們在英語學(xué)習(xí)上取得進(jìn)步，肯定學(xué)習(xí)了越來越多的單詞。當(dāng)學(xué)習(xí)一個(gè)正式的“大”詞時(shí)，找出近似含義的常用詞為上策。Below are examples of nonstandard words:以下是不規(guī)范語的實(shí)例：ain’t (am not, is not, has not) jolly (very) cool (very good)hot (angry。 fast)deal (agreement) damn (very) neat (nice)Since such words are nonstandard, we need not use them either in speech or in writing.既然這些詞不規(guī)范，我們也不必在演講或?qū)懽鲿r(shí)使用。II. Choice of Words二、單詞的選擇When we write on mon topics for the general audience, we may achieve accuracy and appropriateness by bearing in mind the following guidelines about the choice of words:當(dāng)我們寫一個(gè)大眾常見的主題，通過牢記選擇單詞遵循的指導(dǎo)原則，會(huì)如愿以償選出準(zhǔn)確得體的單詞。(1)Use mon or informal words for general purposes。 use formal or nonstandard words only on special occasions or for special purposes。 (1)常見或非正式詞用于一般用途；正式或不規(guī)范詞僅用于特殊場合或特殊目的。(2)Use specific and concrete words when giving details。 use general or abstract words when making summaries。(2)使用特指、具體的詞匯描寫細(xì)節(jié)；使用概括或抽象的詞匯進(jìn)行總結(jié)。(3)Use idiomatic expressions and words in acceptable collocations。 avoid binations that are unidiomatic。(3)使用習(xí)慣表達(dá)和可接受的詞語搭配，避免組合與習(xí)慣不符。(4)When there are synonyms, choose the word that expresses the meaning most exactly and that suits the content and style.(4)當(dāng)用同義詞時(shí)，選擇的單詞要表達(dá)含義最貼切，與內(nèi)容和風(fēng)格相匹配。We have given examples of mon, formal and nonstandard words. Here are examples of general and specific words:常用詞，正式詞和不規(guī)范詞的實(shí)例已經(jīng)給出，如下是概括詞和具體詞的實(shí)例。General Specificanimal tiger, horse, fox, cat, mouse, bird, butterfly, insectlaugh chuckle, guffaw, giggle, roar, smile, grin, beambig huge, great, large, vast, immense, enormous, tremendousscientist physicist, chemist, biologist, astronomer, geologist, mathematician Words are general or specific by parison. Animal is general when pared with tiger, horse, etc, but horse is more general than steed, stallion, etc.詞匯通過對比有了概括或特指的概念。動(dòng)物和老虎、馬等相比是概括詞，而馬比戰(zhàn)馬、種馬等更籠統(tǒng)。 Both general and specific words are useful in writing. When we describe or explain things, or when we give details, we should try to use specific or concrete words wherever possible, for they are vivid, exact and interesting。 when we summarize or generalize, we may find general or abstract words useful.在寫作中概括和特指詞都有用。當(dāng)我們形容或講解事情、描述細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，應(yīng)該盡可能試著用特指或具體詞，因?yàn)樗鼈兩鷦?dòng)、確切、有趣；當(dāng)我們總結(jié)或歸納時(shí)，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)概括或抽象詞大有幫助。When we are trying to enlarge our vocabulary and learn to use effective words, we need to pay special attention to concrete and specific words. We usually think of general words first when we write, but we should remember that there are many specific words which are similar in meaning but are more colorful and impressive. They are the words we should make an effort to learn and use.當(dāng)我們試圖擴(kuò)大詞匯量并學(xué)會(huì)實(shí)際應(yīng)用單詞，需要特別關(guān)注具體和特指詞。寫作時(shí)，通常首先想到概括詞，但應(yīng)記住許多特指詞含義相近卻更加生動(dòng)感人，是我們該努力學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用的詞匯。Idiomatic expressions are those habitually used by native speakers. Foreign learners of English often have difficulty in telling what is not idiomatic from what is, because they have not been brought up in the language, and also because they are likely to use English words in the way they use words of their mother tongue. Wordforword translation from Chinese into English generally results in unidiomatic expressions. That is something we should be on guard against.習(xí)慣表達(dá)是那些以英語為母語人士的習(xí)慣性用法。外國英語學(xué)習(xí)者經(jīng)常在表達(dá)方面遇到困難，從什么符合到什么不符合語言習(xí)慣，因?yàn)樗麄儾辉谶@種語言中成長，也因?yàn)樗麄儗ψ约耗刚Z詞匯的用法可能阻礙其對英語詞匯的運(yùn)用。逐字漢譯英通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致不合習(xí)慣的表達(dá)，這是我們應(yīng)該警惕的。Take for instance the Chinese expression meiyou guilv. If literally translated, the English equivalent might be “to have no law” But this phrase would be very unidiomatic if it is used to describe a person’s daily life or habits, though the above Chinese expression can be used. Instead, the word regular is much better:“ he does not live a regular life?！?or “he is not a man of regular habits.”以中文表達(dá)沒有規(guī)律為例。如果照字面意思翻譯，相應(yīng)的英文或許為“to have no law”。但如果這個(gè)短語被用來形容一個(gè)人的日常生活或習(xí)慣，可能很不地道，盡管上述表達(dá)在漢語中是可以的。而單詞regular（有規(guī)律的）要好得多：“he does not live a regular life（他過著沒有規(guī)律的生活）；”或“he