【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 實(shí)際是指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上在意義上關(guān)聯(lián)、互補(bǔ)與照應(yīng)，在結(jié)構(gòu)上平行排列的語(yǔ)言單位，這些語(yǔ)言單位不僅外形結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱，而且其語(yǔ)法功能也相同。老師：是啊，有時(shí)平行結(jié)構(gòu)還用于更大的語(yǔ)言單位中，譬如段落中。段落的平行結(jié)構(gòu)（a series of paragraphs）經(jīng)常用于演講中，使語(yǔ)言鏗鏘有力，其號(hào)召力和感染力更強(qiáng)。例如： 20. So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. 　　Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us. 　　Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations. 　　Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and merce. 　　Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the mand of Isaiah to “undo the heavy burdens...(and) let the oppressed go free”. (from The Second World War, Vol. III)因此，讓我們重新開(kāi)始，雙方都記?。憾Y讓并不表示軟弱，而誠(chéng)意則永遠(yuǎn)需要驗(yàn)證。我們決不能因?yàn)閼峙露勁校覀円矝Q不要懼怕談判。 　　讓雙方尋求彼此的共同利益所在，而不要在引起分歧的問(wèn)題上徒費(fèi)精力。 　　讓雙方進(jìn)行首次談判，對(duì)監(jiān)督和控制軍備制訂出嚴(yán)格可行的計(jì)劃?并且把足以毀滅其他國(guó)家的絕對(duì)力量置于世界各國(guó)的絕對(duì)管制之下?！　∽岆p方致力于揭開(kāi)科學(xué)的奧秘，而不是科學(xué)的恐怖。讓我們共同努力去探測(cè)星空，征服沙漠，消除疾病，開(kāi)發(fā)洋底，并促進(jìn)藝術(shù)和貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。 　　讓雙方一起在世界各個(gè)角落聽(tīng)取以賽亞的指示，去“卸下沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)……(并)讓被壓迫者獲得自由”。需要說(shuō)明的是，不同形式的平行結(jié)構(gòu)（parallelism）在英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中同時(shí)交錯(cuò)使用的現(xiàn)象屢見(jiàn)不鮮，有時(shí)甚至和其他的修辭格配合使用，使語(yǔ)言字字珠璣，行行魅力。例如：21. I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial. I see them guarding their homes where mothers and wives pray ah, yes, for there are times when all pray – for the safety of their loved ones, the return of the breadwinner, of their champion, of their protector. I see the ten thousand villages of Russia where the means of existence is wrung so hardly from the soil, but where there are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play. I see advancing upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war machine, with its clanking, heelclicking, dandified Prussian officers, its crafty expert agents fresh from the cowing and tying down of a dozen countries. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts. I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.Behind all this glare, behind all this storm, I see that small group of villainous men who plan, organize, and launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind... (from The Second World War, Vol. III)此刻我眼前看到的是俄國(guó)的士兵昂然挺立于自己的國(guó)土，英勇地捍衛(wèi)著他們祖祖輩輩自古以來(lái)一直辛勤耕耘著的土地。我看到他們正在守衛(wèi)著自己的家園，在那里母親和妻子正在向上帝祈禱 — 是啊，任何人都總有祈禱的時(shí)候 — 祈求上帝保佑她們的親人的平安，并保佑她們的壯勞力、她們的勇士和保護(hù)者凱旋歸來(lái)。我看見(jiàn)成千上萬(wàn)的俄國(guó)村莊，那兒的人們雖然要靠在土地上辛勤耕作才能勉強(qiáng)維持生計(jì)，卻依然能夠享受到天倫之樂(lè)，那兒的姑娘在歡笑，兒童在嬉戲。我看到這一切正面臨著兇暴的襲擊，正殺氣騰騰地?fù)湎蛩麄兊氖羌{粹的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)機(jī)器同它的那些全副武裝、刀劍當(dāng)當(dāng)有聲、皮靴咚咚作響的普魯士軍官以及它的那些奸詐無(wú)比、剛剛幫它征服并奴役了十多個(gè)國(guó)家的幫兇爪牙。我還看到那些呆頭呆腦、訓(xùn)練有素、既馴服聽(tīng)話又兇殘野蠻的德國(guó)士兵像一群蝗蟲(chóng)般地向前蠕動(dòng)著。我看見(jiàn)天空中那些屢遭英軍痛擊、余悸未消的德國(guó)轟炸機(jī)和戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)此時(shí)正慶幸終于找到他們以為是無(wú)力反抗、可手到即擒的獵物?！　≡谶@些刀光劍影、腥風(fēng)血雨的場(chǎng)面背后，我看到一小撮惡棍在那里策劃、組織，并犯下了這慘絕人寰的滔天罪行……上段文字摘自于英國(guó)首相溫斯頓?邱吉爾Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the .（《關(guān)于希特勒入侵蘇聯(lián)的講話》）。整段文字寫得激情澎湃，扣人心弦。如此效果與多種形式的平行結(jié)構(gòu)（parallelism）的交替運(yùn)用不無(wú)關(guān)系：詞的平行結(jié)構(gòu)（plan, organize, and launch），短語(yǔ)的平行結(jié)構(gòu)（of the breadwinner, of their champion, of their protector；Behind all this glare, behind all this storm），從句的平行結(jié)構(gòu)（where maidens laugh and children play）和句子的平行結(jié)構(gòu)（七個(gè)I see …句子一氣呵成）。除了不同形式的平行結(jié)構(gòu)（parallelism）交錯(cuò)使用外，平行結(jié)構(gòu)（parallelism）還時(shí)常和別的辭格一起使用， 使文字的表現(xiàn)更加錦上添花。例21中，明喻（like a swarm of crawling locusts），隱喻（threshold。 cataract。 dandified），頭韻（dull, drilled, docile），擬聲（clanking, heelclicking），諧輔韻（cowing and tying），諧元韻（easier and a safer）和反復(fù)（glare, storm同義反復(fù)）多種辭格交叉運(yùn)用，強(qiáng)化了表達(dá)效果，增加了演講的氣勢(shì)。學(xué)生：老師，平行結(jié)構(gòu)（parallelism）的形式還真是多樣，從詞，詞組，從句，句子，甚至段落都有平行結(jié)構(gòu)的身影。同時(shí)平行結(jié)構(gòu)（parallelism）與其它辭格的交替使用，能增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的修辭效果。老師：了解了平行結(jié)構(gòu)（parallelism）的多種形式，其功能也是不能不談的。平行結(jié)構(gòu)（parallelism）可以用來(lái)寫人、寫事、抒情、議論、敘事、列舉、描述、闡釋和演講等。它是我們寫作和表達(dá)時(shí)很有用的一個(gè)語(yǔ)言技能，所以我們?cè)诒菊麻_(kāi)始時(shí)說(shuō)過(guò)“要想語(yǔ)言表達(dá)好，平行結(jié)構(gòu)是個(gè)寶”。22. Indeed, this nation’s bestloved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. （形容詞平行，作表語(yǔ)）(from National Geographic, Sept., 1975)的確，這位美國(guó)最受人喜愛(ài)的作家的探索精神、愛(ài)國(guó)熱情、浪漫氣質(zhì)及幽默筆調(diào)都達(dá)到了登峰造極的程度。以平行結(jié)構(gòu)（parallelism）寫人，可將人物刻畫(huà)細(xì)致。例22把一連串形容詞 （adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous）加以平行排列，作句子的表語(yǔ)，使該句在形式上精致工整，聲調(diào)上極富韻律，語(yǔ)言上經(jīng)濟(jì)簡(jiǎn)練，敘事上步步深入，因而使馬克吐溫這位作家的性格特征躍然紙上。23. The din of the stallholders crying their wares, of donkeyboys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and of wouldbe purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy. （. Hill and . May The Middle Eastern Bazaar）一走進(jìn)市場(chǎng)，就可以聽(tīng)到攤販們的叫賣聲，趕毛驢的小伙計(jì)和腳夫們大著嗓門叫人讓道的吆喝聲，還有那些想買東西的人們與攤主討價(jià)還價(jià)的爭(zhēng)吵聲。各