【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 實際是指兩個或兩個以上在意義上關聯(lián)、互補與照應，在結構上平行排列的語言單位，這些語言單位不僅外形結構對稱，而且其語法功能也相同。老師：是啊，有時平行結構還用于更大的語言單位中，譬如段落中。段落的平行結構（a series of paragraphs）經(jīng)常用于演講中，使語言鏗鏘有力，其號召力和感染力更強。例如： 20. So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. 　　Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us. 　　Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations. 　　Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and merce. 　　Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the mand of Isaiah to “undo the heavy burdens...(and) let the oppressed go free”. (from The Second World War, Vol. III)因此，讓我們重新開始，雙方都記?。憾Y讓并不表示軟弱，而誠意則永遠需要驗證。我們決不能因為懼怕而談判，但我們也決不要懼怕談判。 　　讓雙方尋求彼此的共同利益所在，而不要在引起分歧的問題上徒費精力。 　　讓雙方進行首次談判，對監(jiān)督和控制軍備制訂出嚴格可行的計劃?并且把足以毀滅其他國家的絕對力量置于世界各國的絕對管制之下?！　∽岆p方致力于揭開科學的奧秘，而不是科學的恐怖。讓我們共同努力去探測星空，征服沙漠，消除疾病，開發(fā)洋底，并促進藝術和貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。 　　讓雙方一起在世界各個角落聽取以賽亞的指示，去“卸下沉重的負擔……(并)讓被壓迫者獲得自由”。需要說明的是，不同形式的平行結構（parallelism）在英語表達中同時交錯使用的現(xiàn)象屢見不鮮，有時甚至和其他的修辭格配合使用，使語言字字珠璣，行行魅力。例如：21. I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial. I see them guarding their homes where mothers and wives pray ah, yes, for there are times when all pray – for the safety of their loved ones, the return of the breadwinner, of their champion, of their protector. I see the ten thousand villages of Russia where the means of existence is wrung so hardly from the soil, but where there are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play. I see advancing upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war machine, with its clanking, heelclicking, dandified Prussian officers, its crafty expert agents fresh from the cowing and tying down of a dozen countries. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts. I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.Behind all this glare, behind all this storm, I see that small group of villainous men who plan, organize, and launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind... (from The Second World War, Vol. III)此刻我眼前看到的是俄國的士兵昂然挺立于自己的國土，英勇地捍衛(wèi)著他們祖祖輩輩自古以來一直辛勤耕耘著的土地。我看到他們正在守衛(wèi)著自己的家園，在那里母親和妻子正在向上帝祈禱 — 是啊，任何人都總有祈禱的時候 — 祈求上帝保佑她們的親人的平安，并保佑她們的壯勞力、她們的勇士和保護者凱旋歸來。我看見成千上萬的俄國村莊，那兒的人們雖然要靠在土地上辛勤耕作才能勉強維持生計，卻依然能夠享受到天倫之樂，那兒的姑娘在歡笑，兒童在嬉戲。我看到這一切正面臨著兇暴的襲擊，正殺氣騰騰地撲向他們的是納粹的戰(zhàn)爭機器同它的那些全副武裝、刀劍當當有聲、皮靴咚咚作響的普魯士軍官以及它的那些奸詐無比、剛剛幫它征服并奴役了十多個國家的幫兇爪牙。我還看到那些呆頭呆腦、訓練有素、既馴服聽話又兇殘野蠻的德國士兵像一群蝗蟲般地向前蠕動著。我看見天空中那些屢遭英軍痛擊、余悸未消的德國轟炸機和戰(zhàn)斗機此時正慶幸終于找到他們以為是無力反抗、可手到即擒的獵物?！　≡谶@些刀光劍影、腥風血雨的場面背后，我看到一小撮惡棍在那里策劃、組織，并犯下了這慘絕人寰的滔天罪行……上段文字摘自于英國首相溫斯頓?邱吉爾Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the .（《關于希特勒入侵蘇聯(lián)的講話》）。整段文字寫得激情澎湃，扣人心弦。如此效果與多種形式的平行結構（parallelism）的交替運用不無關系：詞的平行結構（plan, organize, and launch），短語的平行結構（of the breadwinner, of their champion, of their protector；Behind all this glare, behind all this storm），從句的平行結構（where maidens laugh and children play）和句子的平行結構（七個I see …句子一氣呵成）。除了不同形式的平行結構（parallelism）交錯使用外，平行結構（parallelism）還時常和別的辭格一起使用， 使文字的表現(xiàn)更加錦上添花。例21中，明喻（like a swarm of crawling locusts），隱喻（threshold。 cataract。 dandified），頭韻（dull, drilled, docile），擬聲（clanking, heelclicking），諧輔韻（cowing and tying），諧元韻（easier and a safer）和反復（glare, storm同義反復）多種辭格交叉運用，強化了表達效果，增加了演講的氣勢。學生：老師，平行結構（parallelism）的形式還真是多樣，從詞，詞組，從句，句子，甚至段落都有平行結構的身影。同時平行結構（parallelism）與其它辭格的交替使用，能增強語言的修辭效果。老師：了解了平行結構（parallelism）的多種形式，其功能也是不能不談的。平行結構（parallelism）可以用來寫人、寫事、抒情、議論、敘事、列舉、描述、闡釋和演講等。它是我們寫作和表達時很有用的一個語言技能，所以我們在本章開始時說過“要想語言表達好，平行結構是個寶”。22. Indeed, this nation’s bestloved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. （形容詞平行，作表語）(from National Geographic, Sept., 1975)的確，這位美國最受人喜愛的作家的探索精神、愛國熱情、浪漫氣質(zhì)及幽默筆調(diào)都達到了登峰造極的程度。以平行結構（parallelism）寫人，可將人物刻畫細致。例22把一連串形容詞 （adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous）加以平行排列，作句子的表語，使該句在形式上精致工整，聲調(diào)上極富韻律，語言上經(jīng)濟簡練，敘事上步步深入，因而使馬克吐溫這位作家的性格特征躍然紙上。23. The din of the stallholders crying their wares, of donkeyboys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and of wouldbe purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy. （. Hill and . May The Middle Eastern Bazaar）一走進市場，就可以聽到攤販們的叫賣聲，趕毛驢的小伙計和腳夫們大著嗓門叫人讓道的吆喝聲，還有那些想買東西的人們與攤主討價還價的爭吵聲。各