【文章內容簡介】 切相關，其中企業(yè)目標是最基本的。Refers to the economic unit, which through identification and measurement of risk, undertakes necessary and feasible use of economic instruments and technical measures at a certain cost, to fulfil a kind management activity that has the highest safety guarantee.2. 風險的特征 Characteristics of risk1) 風險的客觀性。Objectivity of risk風險是由客觀存在的自然現(xiàn)象和社會現(xiàn)象引起的，它本身是一種不以人的意志為轉移的客觀實在。風險無時無處不在。Risk arise due to the objective existence of both natural and social phenomenon. It itself is a kind of objective reality that does not shift according to one’s will.2) 風險的偶然性。Chances of risk occurring從社會看，風險是一種客觀實在，是普遍的，風險事故的發(fā)生具有必然性，但對個體而言，風險事故的發(fā)生是偶然的，具體表現(xiàn)為風險事故發(fā)生與否不確定、風險事故何時發(fā)生不確定、風險事故將如何發(fā)生、損失后果如何不確定等方面。From a societal perspective, risk is an objective reality which is universal. Risk events are inevitable, however, to an individual, risk events are accidental. Specific performances subject to the uncertainty of whether risk events will occur, of when and how risk events will occur, and of what are consquences of losses. 3) 風險的可測性。Measurability of risk是指在大量統(tǒng)計資料的前提下，風險是可以衡量的。準確估計和衡量風險不僅受相關的風險資料影響，而且還與人的主觀判斷、采用的衡量方法有關。Refers to how risk can be measured under the precondition of large amounts of statistical information. Accurate risk estimation and measurement is not only affected by related information on risks, but is also affected by one’s subjective jedgement and methods of measurement. 3. 風險的識別 Hazards identification1) 識別風險是風險管理第一步而且是最重要的一步。因為下面所有的過程都依賴于它。它必須是全面而準確的，它將是基礎，要盡量現(xiàn)場實際觀察。但危險的識別不是很容易的，不是第一次出現(xiàn)就能識別的，只有保證整個過程是系統(tǒng)性的，才能取得完整和準確的效果。The identification of hazards is the first and most important step since all that follows depends on it. It must be plete and accurate, and should be based, as far as possible, on observation of the acitivity. But hazard identification is not as easy as it may first appear. Completeness and accuracy can be achieved only if the process is systematic.2) 風險識別一般包括感知風險和分析風險兩個階段。一方面，通過感性認識和歷史經(jīng)驗來判斷風險因素；另一方面，通過對各種客觀的經(jīng)營管理資料和風險事故記錄進行分析、歸納和整理，尋找風險和損失的一般規(guī)律。Hazards identification generally includes 2 stages, perception of risk and analysis of risk. On one hand, using perceptual knowledge and past experiences to judge risk factors. On the other hand, analyse, conclude and consolidate all kinds of objective business operations information and record of risk events for analysis, in search of a regularity in risks and losses. 3) 風險識別階段需要全面分析企業(yè)的業(yè)務活動、資產分布和人員構成，分析人、財、物及業(yè)務活動中所存在的風險因素，判斷風險事故的可能性；分析企業(yè)所面臨的風險可能造成的損失及其形態(tài)，包括人員傷亡、財產損毀、業(yè)務中斷、民事責任、金融資產貶值等。風險識別是一項持續(xù)性和系統(tǒng)性的工作，必須制度化和程序化，以確保組織的所有主要活動及其風險都被囊括近來，并進行有效的分類。The phase of hazards identification requires a prehensive analysis of risk factors present in business operations, asset distribution and position, personnel, finances, property and business activities, in order to judge the possibility of risk events. Analysis of business risks may result in loss of form, including casualties, damage to property, interruption to business, civil liabitliy, and depreciation of financial assets etc. Risk identification is a form of ongoing and systematic work, it must be institutionalized and programmed, to ensure that all of the organization’s primary activities and related risks are encapsulated for effective classification. 4) 對風險進行識別的具體方法包括頭腦風暴法、風險清單法/標準調查表法、財務報表法、業(yè)務流程分析法、風險因素分析法、事故樹分析法、損失統(tǒng)計記錄法和現(xiàn)場調查法。 Specific methods of risk identification includes brainstorming, risk inventory method / standard questionnaire method, financial reporting , law, business process analysis, rsk factors analysis, fault tree analysis, statistical losses analysis and onsite investigation. 5) ISM “評估所有所認定的對其船舶，人員和環(huán)境的風險并確定防護措施”（ MSC 273(85)）盡管規(guī)則僅對安全和防污染提出了明確的要求，規(guī)則中對其他部分風險沒有進一步明確涉及，但風險評估作為一種或另外一種模式實質上是與之許多條款要求是一致的。最重要的是，要認識到公司有責任識別和其特定的船舶、操作及航運相關的風險。再也不能充分依賴滿足于一般的法定和船級的要求，或一般的行業(yè)導則。ISM CODE的修正案把“評估風險”這一新的理念強制性的引入了航運安全管理，必將改變我們以往對SMS的編制和修訂的做法和理念，使我們船舶安全管理和操作開始了一個新起點。Paragraph of the ISM code states, “Safety management objectives of the pany should … establish safeguards against all identified risks”. Although there is no further, explicit reference to this general requirement in the remainder of the code, risk assessment of one form or another is essential to pliance with most of its clauses. It is important to recognize that the pany is responsible for identifying the risks associated with its particular ships, operations and trade. It is no longer sufficient to rely on pliance with generic statutory and class requirements, and with general industry guidance. These should now be seen as a starting point for ensuring the safe operation of the ship. 6) 任何風險最后都需要用數(shù)字或精確的文字描述來表述，否則無法被大多數(shù)人正確認識；與各種危險相關的風險是用可能的危害和潛在的后果等術語進行分析評估的，這樣能夠使組織機構建立優(yōu)先順序，去決定用最少的資源產生最大的結果?？赡苄院秃蠊慕Y合，常常用下面的框圖說明Any risk eventually needs to be expressed or described in numbers or precise words, otherwise, it cannot be correctly understood by most people. The risks associated with each hazard are evaluated in terms of the likelihood of risk and the severity of its potential consequences. This, in turn, enables the organization to establish priorities and to decide where its scarce resources may be used to the greatest effect.可能性和后果的結合圖 Qualitative risk table：風險發(fā)生后的傷害程度 Severity of consequence 低 Low中等 Moderate高 High風險發(fā)后的可能性Likelihood of risk發(fā)生可能性小Unlikely to occur234可能發(fā)生Can possibly occur345非常可能發(fā)生 Very likely to occur456建議的響應措施 Proposed response measures： 輕微風險Trivial risk2分2 marks不需要采取措施No action is required可容許風險 Tolerable risk3分3 marks不需附加控制，須監(jiān)控以確保控制的保持No additional controls are required. Monitoring is required to ensure control is maintained. 中度風險Moderate risk4分4 marks需努力減少風險，須在特定的時間采取控制Efforts are required to reduce risk. Controls are to be implemented within the specific defined time period. 嚴重風險Severe/Substantial risk5分5 marks直到風險減少新工作才能開始，如果工作在進行中，須采取應急措施，可以要求更多的資源New work activities are not to start until risk is reduced. Conside