【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 3. MAKING OF OFFERS 主題三 要約的發(fā)出167。24. Offer Defined要約的定義An offer is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made a s to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is invited and will conclude it. 要約就是以交易磋商為目的而為意思表示，使得他人合理地認為該意思表示被邀請并且該交易將要進行。167。25. Option Contracts選擇權(quán)合同An option contract is a promise which meets the requirements for the formation of a contract and limits the promisor’s power to revoke an offer.如果一個允諾符合了訂立合同的條件，并且限制允諾人撤回要約，則該允諾即構(gòu)成選擇權(quán)合同。167。26. Preliminary Negotiations訂約前之商議A manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain is not an offer if the person to whom it is addressed knows or has reason to know that the person making it does not intend to conclude a bargain until he has made a further manifestation of assent.如果意思表示所指向的人知道或有理由知道作出意思表示的當事人在作出進一步的意思表示之前并沒有意圖達成交易，則該以締結(jié)合同為目的的意思表示并不屬于要約。167。 of Contract Where Memorial is contemplated在意圖制作記錄情況下合同的存在Manifestations of assent that are in themselves sufficient to conclude a contract will not be prevented from so operating by the fact that the parties also manifest an intention to prepare an adopt a written thereof。 but the circumstances may show that the agreements are preliminary negotiations. 雙方當事人作出意思表示要采用書面 方式締結(jié)合同這一事實，并不影響當事人已經(jīng)作出的足以導(dǎo)致合同締結(jié)的意思 表示的執(zhí)行；但是這種情況表明這些合意仍然屬于訂約前之商議。167。(1) At an auction, unless a contrary intention is manifested,在拍賣時，除非有相反的意思表示，(a) the auctioneer invites offers from successive bidders which he may accept or reject。拍賣人向所有連續(xù)的出價人發(fā)出要約邀請，出價人可以承諾或拒絕；(b) when goods are put up without reserve, the auctioneer makes an offer to sell at any price bid by the highest bidder, and after the auctioneer calls for id the goods cannot be withdrawn unless no bid is made within a reasonable time。如果拍賣標的實行無保留低價拍賣，則拍賣人應(yīng)發(fā)出要約，將拍賣標的以任何價格賣給出價最高者，在拍賣人將標的拍賣后，拍賣人不得撤回其無保留 低價之拍賣標的，除非在合理的時間內(nèi)無人競買；(c) whether or not the auction is without reserve, a bidder may withdraw his bid until the auctioneer’s announcement of pletion of the sale, but a bidder’s retraction does not revieve any previous bid.不管該拍賣是否是無保留低價之拍賣，競買人可以在拍賣人宣布成交之前可以撤回競價，但是競買人撤回競價的行為不得使先前的出價生效。(2) Unless a contrary intention is manifested, bids at an auction embody terms made known by advertisement, posting or other publication of which bidders are or should be aware, as modified by announcement made by the auctioneer when the goods are put up.除非有相反的意思表示，在拍賣標的時，競買人的出價包含了競買人知道或應(yīng)該知道的廣告、海報或其他出版物所公布的條款，拍賣人在拍賣標的時可以 通過公告的方式對這些條款加以修改。 167。29. To Whom an Offer is Addressed要約所指向的對象(1) The manifested intention of the offeror determines the person or persons in whom is created a power of acceptance.要約人的意思表示決定了有權(quán)作出承諾的人。(2) An offer may create a power of acceptance in a specified person or in one or more of a specified group or class of persons, acting separately or together, or in anyone or every one who makes a specified promise or renders a specified performance.要約可以在一個明確的人或一個或多個明確的、單獨或集體行動的群體或團體之中，或者也可以在作出明確允諾或?qū)嵤┟鞔_義務(wù)的任何人之中創(chuàng)設(shè)一種承 諾的權(quán)利。 167。30. FORM OF ACCEPTANCE (1) An offer may invite or require acceptance to be made by an affirmative answer in words, or by performing or refraining from performing a specified act, or may empower the offeree to make a selection of terms in his acceptance.要約人可以要求承諾人通過給出書面的確定性答復(fù)、或者作為或不作為某一特定的行為來作出承諾，或者要約人可以授權(quán)受約人作出選擇性的承諾。(2) Unless otherwise indicated by the language or the circumstances, an offer invites acceptance in any manner and by any medium reasonable in the circumstances.除非語言或情勢有相反的表示，要約人可以要求承諾人以任何方式，采用特定情況下合理的媒介作出承諾。167。31. Offer Proposing a Single Contract or a Number of Contracts提議締結(jié)一個或幾個合同的要約An offer may propose the formation of a single contract by a single acceptance or the formation of a number of contracts by successive acceptances from time to time.一個要約可以通過一個承諾締結(jié)一個合同，或者也可以通過不時地、連續(xù)性的承諾締結(jié)幾個合同。167。32. Invitation of Promise or Performance允諾或義務(wù)履行邀請In case of doubt an offer is interpreted as inviting the offeree to accept either by promising to perform what the offer requests or by rendering the performance, as the offeree chooses.在存在懷疑的情況下，要約應(yīng)被解釋為邀請受約人選擇或者通過允諾履行要約所要求的義務(wù)、或者履行該義務(wù)。167。33. Certainty確定性(1) Even though a manifestation of intention is intended to be understood as an offer, it cannot be accepted so as to form a contract unless the terms of the contract are reasonably certain.雖然意思表示作為一個要約意在使相對方理解，但是該意思表示不能被承諾以形成一個合同，除非合同的條款相當確定。(2) The terms of a contract are reasonably certain if they provide a basis for determining the existence of a breach and for giving an appropriate remedy.如果合同就違約和適當救濟作出基本的規(guī)定，則該合同的條款則是相當確定的。(3) The fact that one or more terms of a proposed bargain are left open or uncertain may show that a manifestation of intention is not intended to be understood as an offer or as an acceptance.如果一個被提議交易的一個或多個條款懸而未決、或者是不確定的，則表明作為要約或承諾的意思表示并不意在使相對方理解。167。34. Certainty and Choice of Terms。 Effect of Performance or Reliance條款的選擇與確定性；義務(wù)履行或信賴的效力(1) The terms of a contract may be reasonably certain even though it empowers one or both parties to make a selection of terms in the course of performance.合同當事人在履行義務(wù)過程中，雖然可以就合同的條款作出選擇，但是合 同的條款應(yīng)是具有相當確定性的。(2) Part performance under an agreement may remove uncertainty and establish that a contract enforceable as a bargain has been formed.部分履行的合同具有確定性，并且表明作為交易的可執(zhí)行合同已經(jīng)成立。(3) Action in reliance on an agreement may make a contractual remedy appropriate even though uncertainty is not removed.雖然合同的條款并不確定，但是基于對合同的信賴而實施的行為可以獲得適當?shù)暮贤葷?TOPIC 4. DURATION OF THE OFFEREE’S POWER OF ACCEPTANCE主題四 受要約人承諾能力的期間167。35. The Offeree’s Power of Acceptance受要約人的承諾能力(1) An offer gives to the offeree a continuing power to plete the manifestation of mutual assent by acceptance of the offer.受要約人有權(quán)通過對要約的承諾持續(xù)地作出合意的意思表示。(2) A contract cannot be created by acceptance of an offer after the power of acceptance has been terminated in