【文章內容簡介】 Routine conventions of everyday life 社會習俗 是指日常 生活慣例 . Folkways and mores SCHOOL OF ECONOMY SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIES SHAN GAO value Traditional Value 傳統(tǒng)價值觀 1， religion(信仰 ): important in their lives；對他們的生命 非常重要 2,Family（家庭） : children should be told to obey 孩子被要求服從大人 Children’s first duty is to make parents proud 孩子們的首要任務是使家長感到驕傲 Abortion, euthanasia, divorce and suicide Are not justified morally 墮胎，安樂死，離婚，自殺都是違背 道德準則的 3,country（國家） : Strong sense of national pride 對自己的國家有強烈的民族自豪感 SecularRational Value 世俗理性價值觀 1， religion(信仰 ): Religious freedom； 信仰自由 Not very important in their lives 對生命不是那么的重要 2,Family（家庭） : children should be selfexpressive 孩子被要求要有自我表現(xiàn) Individual rights are most important (Abortion, suicide, divorce ) 個人的權利是非常重要的 （墮胎 ,自殺，離婚 ) 3,country（國家） : Open to globalization 對全球化持開放態(tài)度 SCHOOL OF ECONOMY SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIES SHAN GAO value Survival values 生存價值觀 When struggle for survival uppermost, economicamp。physical security are more Important than selfexpression 當生存問題為最首要的問題時，對經 濟和政治的安全的關心勝過了自我表 現(xiàn) If food or safety cannot be taken for Granted people tend to: 如果安全和食物不能保障，人們將更 趨向： foreigners, homosexuals people With AIDS 不喜歡外國人，對同性戀和愛滋病患者 也持不歡迎的態(tài)度 wary of any form of political activity 對任何形式的政治活動都呈提防的態(tài)度 . man make better leaders than women 認為男性比女性更勝任領導的位置 Selfexpression values 自我表現(xiàn)價值觀 When economic amp。physical security are Taken for granted, selfexpression Bees important 當排除政治和經濟的安全問題后， 自我表現(xiàn)變得重要了 People tend to: 人們更趨向于 all individuals human rights) 接受所有的個體（人權） politically active 關心政治 both woman and man can lead 認為無論男性和女性都可以領導 SCHOOL OF ECONOMY SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIES SHAN GAO SCHOOL OF ECONOMY SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIES SHAN GAO Culture, society and nation states Society is a group of people who share a mon culture 在一個共同文化生存下的一群人，即一群共同擁有一 套價值準則的人 No one to one correspondence between society and a nation state 一個社會與一個民族國家之間沒有嚴格的一一對應關系 ?Nation states are political creations ?民族國家是政治的產物 ?Many cultures can coexist within a nation state ?一個國家可能包含一種單一文化或多種文化 SCHOOL OF ECONOMY SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIES SHAN GAO 文化準則和價值觀體系宗教政治哲學經濟哲學教育語言社會結構Determinants of culture SCHOOL OF ECONOMY SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIES SHAN GAO 兩個尺度 1，社會組織的基本單位 是個人還是群體 個體 積極 消極 美國 群體 積極 消極 日本 2，社會分成階級或等級 的程度 社會流動性 對商業(yè)的意義 Social structure ? Social mobility is the extent to which individuals can move out of the strata into which they are born ? 社會流動性是指個人能從自己出生所在的那個社會階層所流動出去的程度 ? caste system 等級制度 ? is a closed system of stratification in which social position is determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that position is usually not possible during an individual39。s lifetime ? class system 階級制度 ? is a form of open social stratification in which the position a person has by birth can be changed through his or her achievement or luck SCHOOL OF ECONOMY SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIES SHAN GAO Religious and ethical systems Religion is a system of shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the sacred. The religions with the greatest following are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Confucianism influences behavior and shapes culture in many parts of Asia. 宗教是一種具有神圣意義的共同的信念和儀式。 四大宗教分別是基督教，伊斯蘭教，印度教和佛教。儒家思想的行為和文化在許多亞洲部分地區(qū)有較大的影響。 SCHOOL OF ECONOMY SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIES SHAN GAO Religious and ethical systems ?Christianity ?基督教 ?Hinduism ?印度教 ?Islam ?伊斯蘭教 ?Buddhism ?佛教 ?Confucianism 儒教 billion 750 million 1 billion 334 million 150 million SCHOOL OF ECONOMY SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIES SHAN GAO Religious and ethical systems Christianity （ Protestant 新教 orthodox church東正教 Catholicism天主教） Christianity is the largest religion and is mon throughout Europe, the Americas, and other countries settled by Europeans Economic Implications of Christianity: The Protestant Work Ethic At the turn of the century Weber suggested that it was the Protestant work ethic (focus on hard work, wealth creation, and frugality) that was the driving force of capitalism SCHOOL OF ECONOMY SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIES SHAN GAO Relig