【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 ofand so was crucial in sustainingthe Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. 8. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. （3+）難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)譯文：古特曼表示，這種對(duì)于外部通婚的偏愛(ài)很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規(guī)定，盡管這些規(guī)定在一個(gè)和另一個(gè)部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對(duì)近親聯(lián)姻（union with close kin）的禁止。 解釋：本句有兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，第一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)Gutman suggests割裂了主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。West African rules后跟著兩個(gè)修飾成分，第一個(gè)是分詞修飾(governing marriage), 第二個(gè)是以which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，從句中出現(xiàn)了第二個(gè)插入語(yǔ)though they differed from one tribal group to another，又割裂了從句引導(dǎo)詞與謂語(yǔ)之間的聯(lián)系。意群訓(xùn)練：This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.9. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic petition， can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews　in medieval Europe. （4+）難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞譯文：該社會(huì)學(xué)家的命題當(dāng)被應(yīng)用于針對(duì)美國(guó)黑人的歧視時(shí)，相對(duì)而言尚能適用，但他對(duì)種族偏見(jiàn)所下的定義——即“以種族為基礎(chǔ)的、針對(duì)某個(gè)群體的消級(jí)的先入之見(jiàn)，而該群體在任何特定的種族競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地區(qū)則被普遍認(rèn)作一種族”——可被理解成同樣也襄括了針對(duì)加利福尼亞州的中國(guó)人以及中世紀(jì)的猶太人這樣一些種族群體的敵視態(tài)度。 解釋：本句長(zhǎng)度驚人，插入部分比較長(zhǎng)，再加上不乏抽象詞，所以較為難懂，在表示轉(zhuǎn)折的后半個(gè)分鐘中，長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的插入語(yǔ)as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic petition作為主語(yǔ)his definition of racial prejudice的同位語(yǔ)，使分句中的主謂相隔千山萬(wàn)水。除此之外，本句用詞抽象，語(yǔ)義難以理解，對(duì)讀者的詞匯功底要求較高?？荚嚞F(xiàn)場(chǎng)如無(wú)法讀懂，宜用合理化原則中的取非讀法，but之前的分句說(shuō)的是其論點(diǎn)對(duì)美國(guó)黑人的種族歧視是較為管用，轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容就應(yīng)該說(shuō)其理論對(duì)華人和猶太人相對(duì)無(wú)用。意群訓(xùn)練：His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic petition， can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews　in medieval Europe.10. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any　　possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.（5）難免類型：復(fù)雜修飾譯文：類似于這些已經(jīng)被在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中證明的在大小、形狀、化學(xué)過(guò)程、產(chǎn)生的速度、興奮閾值及其類似的方面上所發(fā)生變化，當(dāng)他們被用來(lái)與大腦的體驗(yàn)以可能的方式聯(lián)系起來(lái)的時(shí)候，他們?cè)谥匾陨先匀皇俏⒉蛔愕赖摹＝忉專杭词故浅蹙氹y免的人其實(shí)也很熟悉such thing as something這樣的語(yǔ)言方式，可是當(dāng)中間的小東西thing居然變成了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)十二個(gè)單詞的大東西的時(shí)候，實(shí)在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底為哪方神圣。再加上以such as 為中心的長(zhǎng)主語(yǔ)距離系動(dòng)詞remain太遠(yuǎn)，更增加了本句的難度。請(qǐng)讀者反復(fù)閱讀，直到讀出這樣的感覺(jué)：順序閱讀原文時(shí)，原文似乎就是幾大塊，就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.意群訓(xùn)練：Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience.11. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types 。 however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能通過(guò)其他方法來(lái)證明神經(jīng)元種類間的細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異；可是，這樣的證據(jù)是缺乏的，即神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)是受這些差異所影響的，而這些差異看起來(lái)卻能影響神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育模式。難免類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝解釋：與很多人的印象相反，lack從來(lái)就不能作形容詞，它只有動(dòng)詞或名詞的詞性。其形容詞的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。本句的在however 之前和之后的兩個(gè)分句，是兩個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，前一個(gè)是小倒裝，正常語(yǔ)序是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however后面是個(gè)大倒裝，lacking之后的that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)人名是修飾主語(yǔ)proof的，但是因?yàn)樗L(zhǎng)，所以為了避免頭重腳輕，被放到lacking之后，正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是proof that the quality of ..was lacking意群訓(xùn)練：It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types。 however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.12. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as mon currency throughout the nervous system. （4） 盡管在神經(jīng)能量上存在著質(zhì)的不同，這一點(diǎn)從來(lái)都沒(méi)有在嚴(yán)格的意義上被反對(duì)過(guò)，但是以上教條通常被拋棄掉，而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀點(diǎn)，即：神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)從根本上本質(zhì)相同，而且被當(dāng)作“一種普通流”在整個(gè)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中傳播。難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、雙重否定解釋：前半個(gè)分句中有一個(gè)雙重否定，was never rigidly disproved,這種表示法用中文說(shuō)出來(lái)還是比較好懂的，原因是我們熟悉中文的這種表示法，但在英文中出現(xiàn)，因?yàn)樵谝郧暗膶W(xué)習(xí)中見(jiàn)得少，所以感覺(jué)上很別扭。因此，同學(xué)們的任務(wù)，就是通過(guò)反復(fù)閱讀此類句子來(lái)熟悉這樣的英語(yǔ)。其實(shí)在英文表達(dá)中，很多雙重否定與中文表達(dá)是一樣的，表示肯定；如not unlimited就等于limited。但是值得讀者注意的是在GRE和GMAT這兩種對(duì)考生的邏輯有苛刻要求的考試中，如果這種雙重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的詞匯，比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited)，則雙重否定不一定表示肯定；比如本例中的not disprove, 不能理解為agree， 不反對(duì)者中，的確有人會(huì)同意，但通常心存疑慮，隨大流者居多。不但如此，大雙重否定中加上限定詞以后，在否定的范圍上也有所變化，如本句的be never rigidly disproved，沒(méi)有完全被反對(duì)，不能理解為從來(lái)都被嚴(yán)格支持的，而應(yīng)該理解成從來(lái)都可能有人支持的。綜上所述，對(duì)雙重否定的句子，簡(jiǎn)單的把其置換為肯定，不是最精確的理解。而最好的辦法，就是通過(guò)多讀、多練來(lái)熟悉其語(yǔ)言表達(dá)及其邏輯方式，按照其字面的表達(dá)理解成沒(méi)有完全否定，然后大腦中反應(yīng)出其目前的生存狀態(tài)是一個(gè)仍未消失的狀態(tài)；這種理解才是在考試現(xiàn)場(chǎng)既快速又精確的理解。運(yùn)用前面所說(shuō)的用合理化原則中的取非讀法，可以很容易的讀出作者在后半個(gè)分句中想說(shuō)前面的那種觀點(diǎn)被反對(duì)了。但是，初學(xué)者會(huì)對(duì)這個(gè)分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else這種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)感到突然，如果理解成因?yàn)橄埠笳叨鴴仐壛饲罢?，雖然也能說(shuō)得通，但是其實(shí)原文從來(lái)沒(méi)有這種因果關(guān)系，in favor of強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這兩種動(dòng)作的同時(shí)性；拋棄了前者，而轉(zhuǎn)向后者，namely之后的內(nèi)容是前面的opposing view的同位語(yǔ)。意群訓(xùn)練：Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the oppsiting view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as mon currency throught the nervous system13. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number，　　arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the