【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 sea. 因此，即使在遠離海岸的大洋上，海員們也可以跟隨這些鳥到達陸地。Using the weather利用天氣●Fog霧Fog gathers at sea as well as over streams or rivers. 正如霧氣匯聚在溪流或江河上一樣，霧氣也能匯聚在海洋上。Seamen used it to help identify the position of a stream or river when they were close to land. 當靠近陸地時，海員們可以用霧氣來幫助確定溪流或江河的位置?！馱inds風Wise seamen used the winds to direct their sailing. They could accelerate the speed, but they could also be dangerous聰明的海員常常利用風向來導航。風向可以使船只加快速度，也可以造成危險。. So the Vikings would observe the winds before and during their outward or return journeys. 于是，北歐的海盜們在出?；蚍岛綍r都要觀察風向。Using the sea利用大海Certain tides and currents could be used by skillful sailors to carry ships to their destination. 技術(shù)嫻熟的海員可以利用大海的某些潮汐或浪潮把船送往他們的目的地。 These skills helped sailors explore the seas and discover new 。 They increased their ability to navigate new seas when they used 。Page 2: 第二頁Using navigational instruments to help利用航海工具Finding longitude找出經(jīng)度There was no secure method of measuring longitude until the 17th century when the British solved this theoretical problem. 直到17世紀英國人解決了這個理論問題后,人們才有了測量經(jīng)度的可靠方法。 Nobody knew that the earth moved westwards 15 degrees every hour, but sailors did know an approximate method of calculating longitude using speed and time. 以前沒有人知道地球每小時向東轉(zhuǎn)動約15度，然而海員們確實知道用速度和時間來計算經(jīng)度的近似標準的方法。An early method of measuring speed involved throwing a knotted rope tied to a log over the side of the ship. 早期測量速度的方法是沿著船邊拉一根打結(jié)的繩子，把這根繩子系在一根圓木上，然后把它拋入海里。The rope was tied to a log which was then thrown into the sea. As the ship advanced through the water the knots were counted as they passed through a seaman39。s hands. The number of knots that were counted during a fixed period of time gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles per hour. 當船只在水中前進時，這些繩結(jié)從海員的手中通過,這時海員就記下繩結(jié)的數(shù)目。在一定時間內(nèi)計算出有多少個結(jié), 就可以算出船只每小時航行多少海里的速度。Later, when seamen began to use the pass in the 12th century they could calculate longitude using plicated mathematical tables. The pass has a special magnetic pointer which always indicates the North Pole, so it is used to help find the direction that the ship needs to go. In this way the ship could set a straight course even in the middle of the ocean. 后來,當12世紀海員們開始使用指南針的時候,他們就可以用復雜的數(shù)學表來計算出經(jīng)度了。指南針有一個特殊的磁針,始終指著北極。因此人們用它來幫助找出船只所要去的方向。這樣,即使在大海中船只也可以直線航行。Finding latitude找出緯度●The Bearing Circle方位圓It was the first instrument to measure the sun39。s position. A seaman would measure the sun39。s shadow and pare it with the height of the sun at midday. Then he could tell if he was sailing on his correct rather than a random course. 這是最早用來測量太陽位置的工具。海員可以測量太陽的影子，并把它同太陽在正午時的高度作比較，這樣就可以知道自己是在正確的航道上或是在隨意行駛?！馮he Astrolabe星盤The astrolabe, quadrant and sextant are all connected. 星盤、象限儀和六分儀相互都有聯(lián)系。They are developments of one another. 它們是在彼此的基礎上發(fā)展而成的。 The earliest, the astrolabe, was a special allinone tool for telling the position of the ship in relation to the sun and various stars which covered the whole sky. 最早的是星盤，它是一種特殊的集多功能于一體的工具，它可以用來表明船只同太陽和布滿天空的各種星星之間的相關(guān)位置。 This gave the seamen the local time and allowed them to find their latitude at sea. 這樣，海員們就可得知當?shù)氐臅r間，以及他們在海上的緯度。However, it was awkward to use as one of the points of reference was the moving ship itself. 但是，它不容易使用，因為其參照點之一就是行駛中的船只本身?！馮he Quadrant象限儀This was a more precise and simplified version of the astrolabe. 這是一種比較精確而且比較簡單的星盤。It measured how high stars were above the horizon using a quarter circle rather than the full circle of the astrolabe. 它利用星盤的1/4圓周而不是整個圓來測量星星在在水平線上的高度。 It was easier to handle because it was more portable. 它比較容易操作，因為它比較輕便。 Its shorting was that it still used the moving ship as one of the fixed points of reference. 缺點仍就是使用移動的船只作為一個固定的參照點。As the ship rose and plunged in the waves, it was extremely difficult to be accurate with any reading. 因為船只在海浪中起伏不定，所以很難測出精確的讀數(shù)?！馮he sextant六分儀The sextant was the updated version of the astrolabe and quadrant which reduced the tendency to make mistakes. 六分儀是星盤和象限儀的改進版，它減少了出差錯的可能性。 It proved to be the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments. 在這些早期的航海儀器中，它被證明是最精確和最為可靠的一種， It works by measuring the angle between two fixed objects outside the ship using two mirrors. 它的工作方式是用兩塊鏡子來測量船外兩個固狀物體之間的角度，This made the calculations more precise and easier to ，而且更加容易操作。 THE GREATEST NAVIGATIONAL JOURNEY:A LESSON IN SURVIVAL最偉大的航海旅程——幸存的經(jīng)驗教訓 I am proud to have sailed with Captain Bligh on his journey of over 40 days through about 4,000miles in an open boat across the Pacific Ocean in 1789. 1789年，我有幸與布萊船長乘坐一條敞篷船航行了40余天，橫穿太平洋，行程約4000英里。 Our outward voyage in the Bounty to Tahiti had been filled with the kind of incidents that I thought would be my stories when I returned home. 我們乘坐“邦蒂號”出發(fā)到塔希提島這段航程中充滿了許多事件。我以為回國后可以講這些故事， But how wrong I was! 但是我完全錯了！ On our departure from Tahiti, some of the crew took over the ship. 在我們離開塔西提后，有部分船員接管了這艘船。They deposited the captain into a small boat to let him find his own way home. 他們把船長放進一艘小船里，讓他自己想辦法回家。 But who else was to go with him? 可是還有別的什么人跟他一起走嗎？Those of us on board the Bounty were caught in a dilemma. Was it better to risk certain death by sitting close together on a small, crowded open boat with very little food and water? 在“邦蒂號”上的我們有點兒進退兩難：是冒著生命危險，擠坐在又小又擁擠的船上，只有少量的食物和水更好呢？Or should one stay on the Bounty with the crew and face certain death from the British Navy if caught? 還是與船上的人一起呆在“邦蒂號”上，面對被英國海軍捉獲處死的危險？ The drawback of staying on the ship seemed to grow as I thought about how wrong it was to treat Captain Bligh in this way. So I joined him in the small boat. 想到這樣對待布萊船長是多么錯誤的時候，留在船上的不利因素似乎增多了，因此我隨船長上了小船。 As dusk fell, we seemed to face an uncertain future. 隨著黃昏降臨，我們似乎面對著一個不可預測的未來。We had no charts and the only instruments the captain was allowed to take with him were a pass and a quadrant. 沒有航海圖，允許船長帶走的儀器只有指南針和一個四分儀。Once we were at sea, our routine every day was the same. 一旦我們在海上，每天的事務總是一成不變。 At sunrise and sunset the captain measured our position using the quadrant and set the course using the pass. 每當日出和日落的時候，船長就用四分儀測量我們的位置，并用指南針確定航線。 It was ext