【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 t up to Peking, as far as the eye could see, the countryside was literally covered up with a green carpet of growing crops, holding a promise of bumper harvests. 參考譯文 ?從邊境到北京，一路上沿鐵路線極目縱觀，但見(jiàn)農(nóng)村到處是茁壯的莊稼，仿佛鋪上一塊綠地毯，這說(shuō)明豐收在望了。 第六節(jié) 增詞與減詞 ? 在翻譯中有時(shí)譯者不得不在原文的基礎(chǔ)上略有增減或故意重復(fù)某些詞 。 因此 ， 英漢翻譯中增詞法和減詞法使用得異常頻繁 。 不過(guò) ，增減重復(fù)時(shí)有一條金科玉律：增詞不增意 ， 減詞不減意 。 ? 增詞例句 :The first black president (New Yorker) 第一個(gè)與黑人關(guān)系密切的總統(tǒng) （ 作者想表示克林頓特別重視黑人利益并與黑人有特別密切的關(guān)系 ） ? 減詞例句 :―Remember: you are not any old Tom, Dick or Harry giving his opinion. You‘re a man who was sent as a representative of the British Government.‖ (譯文中刪去了 “ are a man who‖ 不翻譯 ， 語(yǔ)氣干脆而有力 。 如勉強(qiáng)譯出： “ 你是作為英國(guó)政府派出的一個(gè)代表的人 ” ， 反而顯得歐化 。 順便說(shuō)一下 ， old Tom, Dick or Harry最好不要用 “ 張三 、 李四 、 王五 ” 來(lái)翻譯 。 有人以為其通俗程度正好相等 。 殊不知 “ 張三 、 李四 ” 的民族色彩太濃厚 ， 太過(guò)于歸化 。 ) 第七節(jié)物稱與人稱轉(zhuǎn)換 ? Not a sound reached our ears. (A. S. Hornby) 我們 沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到任何聲音。 ? A great elation overcame them. 他們 欣喜若狂。 ? Alarm began to take entire possession of him. (W. Thackeray) 他 開(kāi)始變得驚恐萬(wàn)狀。 ? The news that greeted us in Guangzhou and our visits later to various places turned anxiety into joy. 通過(guò)在廣州的見(jiàn)聞以及隨后在各地的訪問(wèn)，我們的憂慮已化為喜歡。 ? His addition pleted the list. 把他添上，名單就齊全了。 物稱與人稱轉(zhuǎn)換練習(xí) ? But the thought of a definite rupture had never e to him, and even now could not lodge itself in his mind. 但是 他沒(méi)有想到 她要和她決裂，直到此刻還是沒(méi)摸著她的意思。 ? The morrow produced no abatement of Mrs. Ben‘s ill humour or ill health. 班納特太太 直到第二天還是同樣不高興，身體也沒(méi)有復(fù)原。 ? It is time you boy was sent to school. 現(xiàn)在你該送兒子上學(xué)了。 ? It is requested that every guest should bring a gift with him. 請(qǐng) 每位客人 各帶一份禮物來(lái)參加。 ? It is unbearable for me to work in this dreadful heat. 在這種盛暑中工作 我 受不了。 物稱與人稱練習(xí) ? Unfortunately, the want of his family had kept him from school, and he seemed to feel the loss. 不幸得很， 他 因家庭貧困，不能上學(xué)，他似乎痛切地感到這種損失。 ? He had given all up for lost, when the appearance of a distant sail raised his hope of rescue. 他全然斷了念，以為是沒(méi)命了；但是因?yàn)?見(jiàn)到了 遠(yuǎn)方的帆影， 他又生出了一種得救的希望。 第八節(jié) 形合與意合 ? 所謂形合，指的是句中的詞語(yǔ)或分句之間用語(yǔ)言形式手段（如關(guān)聯(lián)詞）連接起來(lái)，表達(dá)語(yǔ)法意義和邏輯關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)造句主要采用形合法。 ? 所謂意合，指的是詞語(yǔ)或分句之間不用語(yǔ)言形式手段連接，句中的語(yǔ)法意義和邏輯關(guān)系通過(guò)詞語(yǔ)或分句的含義表達(dá)。漢語(yǔ)造句主要采用意合法。英語(yǔ)造句離不開(kāi)這些關(guān)系詞和連接詞，漢語(yǔ)則少用甚至不用這類詞。 ? 例句 : Laura wished now that she was not holding that piece of breadandbutter, but there was nowhere to put it and she couldn‘t possibly throw it away. 這時(shí)勞拉寧愿手里沒(méi)有這塊涂上黃油的面包，拿著又沒(méi)有地方放，又不可能扔掉。 形合與意合 ? As the doctor increased in wealth, he began to extend his possessions, and to look forward, like other great men, to the time when he should retire to the repose of a countryseat. W. Irving 醫(yī)生一發(fā)了財(cái)，就開(kāi)始來(lái)增購(gòu)房地產(chǎn)，也像其他的大人物一樣期待著老后退休到鄉(xiāng)下的別墅去頤養(yǎng)余年。 翻譯練習(xí) ? The singing of birds, indeed, has many advantages over the singing of human beings. One is that every bird can sing its own song while other birds are singing other songs all around it and that yet, as we listen, we have no impression of disharmony. R. Lynd 鳥(niǎo)的歌唱誠(chéng)然勝過(guò)人的歌唱。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)之一，則為每一只鳥(niǎo)當(dāng)別的鳥(niǎo)在它周圍唱著別的歌的時(shí)候，仍能唱它自己的歌，使我們聽(tīng)去，而毫無(wú)不和諧的感覺(jué)。 形合與意合 ? Why, only last week, when they were riding home at twilight from Fairhill, he had said: ―I have something so important to tell you that I hardly know to say it.‖ 還不過(guò)是上禮拜的事，他們?cè)谀荷n茫中從妙峰山騎馬回家，他還對(duì)她說(shuō)：“思嘉，我有一樁非常要緊的事告訴你，我正不知道怎么說(shuō)才好呢?！? 形合與意合 ? If you give him an inch, he will take a mile. 得寸進(jìn)尺。 ? When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west。 when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north. 東方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。 ?“ Contrary, then,‖ answered another, in deep but softened tones. ―And now, kiss me, for minding so well.‖ (E. Bronte: Wuthering Heights) ―那好，相反，”另一個(gè)人以深沉而柔和的語(yǔ)調(diào)答道?！澳蔷陀H親我吧，我學(xué)得這么用心。” 第九節(jié) 視點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換法 ? 視點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換是指重組原語(yǔ)信息的表層形式，從與原語(yǔ)不同或者相反的角度來(lái)傳達(dá)同樣的信息。采用這種手段的原因是原語(yǔ)和譯語(yǔ)文化之間存在認(rèn)知、思維習(xí)慣及其表達(dá)方式等方面的差異。翻譯時(shí)，正面表達(dá)不通順，不妨從反面著筆，以求盡量發(fā)揮翻譯技巧靈活多變的特點(diǎn)。 ? 例句 :Mama pursed her lips. ―We do not,‖ she reminded us gently, ―want to have to go to the bank.‖ We all shook our heads. 媽媽噘起嘴，輕輕提醒我們說(shuō)：“咱們最好別動(dòng)用銀行存款?！蔽覀兇蠹?點(diǎn)點(diǎn)頭 。 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) ?The garden in which the cottage stood was surrounded by a wall, and could only be entered through a door. 草房所在的那個(gè)庭院，四面有墻環(huán)繞，只有一個(gè)門(mén)內(nèi)外相通。 ? It is generally considered not advisable to act that way. 大家認(rèn)為這樣做是不妥當(dāng)?shù)摹? 翻譯練習(xí) ?The weight, measure, marks, numbers, quality, contents and value, being particulars furnished by the Shipper, are not checked by the Carrier on loading. 重量、尺碼、嘜頭、號(hào)數(shù)、品質(zhì)、內(nèi)容和價(jià)值是托運(yùn)人提供的，承運(yùn)人在裝船時(shí)并未核對(duì)。 用前置法翻譯定語(yǔ)從句 ?This is the soldier who just returned from the front. ?Those who sacrifice themselves for the people’s cause are the real heroes of history. ?Oxygen is a gas which unites with many substances. ?He was not at ease with those who made diplomacy their profession, particularly ambassdors. 用后置法中重復(fù)先行詞方式翻譯下列句子 ?The great inviolate place had the ancient permanence which the sea cannot claim. ?He’ll show her the place where they could make her look a proper dame —— for next to nothing. ?He made the sound of sympathy which es so readily from those who have an independent ine. 用后置法中的省略先行詞的方式翻譯下列句子 ?A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. ?Occasionally there would be the days when my depression would dissipate temporarily. 用溶合法翻譯下列句子 ?There has never been a man around me who wrote so many memos. ?There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity. 翻譯練習(xí) ?Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the French revolution. ?The ambassador, who had long been interested in Asian affairs, was flattered. 用溶合法翻譯定語(yǔ)從句 ?“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist. ?We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity. 用后置法中的定語(yǔ)從句后置法翻譯句子 ?I knew that John would tell his mother, who would probably tell Mary. ?But listen, I met a man, who said you cou