供應(yīng)鏈不匹配成本ppt課件(編輯修改稿)
2024-11-30 17:20 本頁(yè)面
【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 = density function of the Normal distribution (In Excel f(z)=normdist(z,0,1,0)) ? ? The mismatch cost is high when (f(z) / F(z)) and (? / m? are high. ( z )( z )f?m????? ????F ????Slide ??， Low critical ratios ? high mismatch costs ? The mismatch cost is high when (f(z) / F(z)) is high … ? … ( f(z) / F(z)) is high when the critical ratio is low: Slide ??， ? 變差系數(shù)反映預(yù)測(cè)質(zhì)量，提高預(yù)測(cè)精確性，可有更高利潤(rùn)。 ? 關(guān)鍵比例小的產(chǎn)品，剩余成本高，容易過時(shí)的和容易腐敗的產(chǎn)品采購(gòu)少。 ? 若殘值為零，關(guān)鍵比例即為毛利率，故食堂原材料備料庫(kù)存少（毛利低，積壓成本大），餐廳備料較充分，過期庫(kù)存多。 Slide ??， 不同的不匹配成本與運(yùn)營(yíng)管理模式 ? MTS—報(bào)童模型 ? 不匹配成本為過量或不足， ? MTS適合于關(guān)鍵比例高、需求變動(dòng)小 ? MTO—排隊(duì)系統(tǒng) ? 不匹配成本為生產(chǎn)閑置、顧客排隊(duì) ? MTO適合于短途運(yùn)輸、短提前期、機(jī)器或勞動(dòng)力便宜 ? 中間狀態(tài)為使用反應(yīng)性能力進(jìn)行快速響應(yīng) ? 兩種反應(yīng)性能力： ? 第二次訂購(gòu)能力無限但較第一次訂購(gòu)昂貴的反應(yīng)性能力 ? 第二次訂購(gòu)能力有限的反應(yīng)性能力 Slide ??， Some . airline industry observations ? Since deregulation (1978) 137 carriers have filed for bankruptcy. ? From 9599 (the industry’s best 5 years ever) airlines earned cents on each dollar of sales: ? The US average for all industries is around 6 cents. ? From 9099 the industry earned 1 cent per $ of sales. ? Carriers typically fill % of seats and have a breakeven load of %. Slide ??， Matching supply to demand when supply is fixed ? Examples of fixed supply: ? Travel industries (fixed number of seats, rooms, cars, etc). ? Advertising time (limited number of time slots). ? Telemunications bandwidth. ? Size of the MBA program. ? Doctor’s availability for appointments. ? Revenue management is a solution: ? If adjusting supply is impossible – adjust the demand! ? Segment customers into high willingness to pay and low willingness to pay. ? Limit the number of tickets sold at a low price, ., control the average price by changing the mix of customers. Slide ??， Revenue management and margin arithmetic ? Small changes in revenue can have a big impact on profit, especially for high gross margin and low profit % industries: Slide ??， Environments suitable for revenue management ? The same unit of capacity (., airline seat) can be used to deliver services to different customer segments (., business and leisure customers) at different prices. ? High gross margins (so that the variable cost of additional sales is low). ? Perishable capacity (it cannot be stored) and limited capacity (all possible customers cannot always be served). ? Capacity is sold in advance of demand. ? There is an opportunity to segment customers (so that different prices can be charged) and different segments are willing to pay different prices. ? It is not illegal or morally irresponsible to discriminate among customers. Slide ??， Revenue Management: Booking limits and protection levels 預(yù)定限額和保留水平 Slide ??， Practical problem ? The Park Hyatt Philadelphia at the Bellevue. ? 118 King/Queen rooms. ? Hyatt offers a rL= $159 (low fare) discount fare for a midweek stay targeting leisure travelers. ? Regular fare is rH= $225 (high fare) targeting business travelers.
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