【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 義小說(shuō)傳統(tǒng)的質(zhì)疑和反叛。認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)小說(shuō)反映的真實(shí)只是一種膚淺的真實(shí)，無(wú)法揭示一個(gè)客觀世界。 B 藝術(shù)觀念上新小說(shuō)派作家極力主張文學(xué)應(yīng)該客觀摹寫現(xiàn)實(shí)，要求精細(xì)地如實(shí)地反映外部世界，而拋棄作家的主觀思想，見(jiàn)解和議論。 C 他們不在 探索小說(shuō)的意義，要消解深度，寫“表面小說(shuō)”。 D 要求瓦解敘事。打破傳統(tǒng)的完整的敘事方式，小說(shuō)的表現(xiàn)方式為“現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)” 。新小說(shuō)家主要熱衷于探索沒(méi)有被別的小說(shuō)家實(shí)踐過(guò)的小說(shuō)形式和主題，而對(duì)傳統(tǒng)小說(shuō)一概否定。 四．論述《日瓦格醫(yī)生》這部作品中所表現(xiàn)出的精神內(nèi)涵。（ 20） 答：《日瓦格醫(yī)生》是帕斯捷爾納克最具代表性的作品。小說(shuō)寫的是一個(gè)俄國(guó)知識(shí)分子在十月革命前后動(dòng)蕩年代的命運(yùn)。日瓦格醫(yī)生一方面憎惡俄羅斯沙皇時(shí)代的政治制度，贊同十月革命的歷史合理性，但另一方面他卻懷疑革命同時(shí)所帶來(lái)的暴力和破壞。用他的話說(shuō)；我是非常贊成革命的，可是我現(xiàn)在覺(jué)得，用暴力是什么也得不到的，應(yīng)該以善為善。他追求的愛(ài)的信條是軟弱無(wú)力的。正是這個(gè)意義上，帕斯捷爾納克代表了俄羅斯知識(shí)分子所固有的一種內(nèi)在精神：對(duì)苦難的堅(jiān)韌承受，對(duì)精神生活的關(guān)注，對(duì)靈魂凈化的向往，對(duì)人的尊嚴(yán)的捍衛(wèi)，對(duì)完美的人性的追求。作者創(chuàng)作深刻表現(xiàn)了一個(gè)知識(shí)分子雖然飽經(jīng)痛楚，放逐，罪孽，犧牲，卻依然保持著美好的信念與精神的良知的心理歷程。 5 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?！ 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ‘effector’ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and nonnerve cells. This process is termed ‘chemical neurotransmission’ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ‘cholinergic’. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the socalled motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a mand is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds。 an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for reuptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nervetonerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on nonvoluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells。 in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nervetonerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In postsynaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the plex of receptor bined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as ‘nicotinic’。 in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are ‘muscarinic’。 and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and bees pack