【正文】 se nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and bees packaged into membranebound vesicles . After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft . For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate a receptor protein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting in depolarization of the neuron. Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with Alzheimer39。 C 他們不在 探索小說的意義，要消解深度，寫“表面小說”。 其次，小說是一出瘋狂的喜劇。主人公尤索林要求停止飛行復員回國的斗爭經歷。洛根丁對世界的厭惡感，恐懼感，陌生感和孤獨感正是二戰(zhàn)前夕歐洲陰云密布，災難將臨的社會形勢的反映?？ǚ蚩▽ξ覀冎陵P重要，因為他的困境就是現代人的困境。二、是主體客體化。 2．《百年孤獨》的藝術特色是什么？ 答：《百年孤獨》是魔幻現實主義的經典作品，作者遵循“變現實為幻想而又不失其真”的創(chuàng)作原則，把觸目驚心的現實和源地神話傳說的幻想結合起來，使讀者從這種色彩斑斕、風格獨特的畫面中，獲得一種“ 似真非真，似假非假”的藝術感受。 四、簡答題（每題 10 分，共 30 分） 1．簡述卡夫卡創(chuàng)作特色。 D．尤索林是荒誕與瘋狂社會中的清醒者。表現主義的中心在德國 (填國名 )，并波及歐美眾多國家， 2040年代達到鼎盛。如在科技領域發(fā)掘題材，或選擇意義不明的，搖擺不定的來寫。 二 .不定項選擇 (15) 1. 存在主義的作家有 (A B C) A 薩特 B 西蒙娜?波伏娃 C 加繆 D 尤奈斯庫 2. 意識流小說家喬伊斯重要作品有 (AB) A 喧嘩與騷動 B我彌留之際 C 達羅衛(wèi)夫人 D海浪 3. 薩特的主要哲學著作有 () A 存在與虛無 B 存在主義是一種人道主義 C 西緒弗斯的神話 D 自由之路 4. “新小說” 20 世紀 50 年代興起于（ C） A 德國 B 美國 C 法國 D 英國 5. 魔幻現實主義的經典作品是（ C） A 家長的沒 落 Ｂ《周末后的一天》 C《百年孤獨》 D《總統(tǒng)先生》 三．簡述題（ 45） 1《百年孤獨》的主題是什么？ 答；包括兩方面的含義：“百年”指歷史。作者虛構的 馬孔多是哥倫比亞乃至拉美的縮影。 3 為什么說“魔幻現實主義”表現手法上具有“魔幻性”？ 答：魔幻現實主義小說把幻想和現實，虛構和寫實融為一體，成為它的基本創(chuàng)作方法，而且表現手法具有“魔幻性”。 2. 卡夫卡的長篇小說主要有《審判》、《城堡》、《美國》。 5. 桑提亞哥是海明威的作品 ( C )中的人物 A．《太陽照常升起》 B． 永別了 ,武器 C．《老人與?！? D．《喪鐘為誰而鳴》 6. 加繆反映“荒謬世界感情”的典型的存在主義作品是（ A ） A．《局外人》 B．《鼠疫》 C．《陷落》 D．《誤會》 三、名詞解釋 （ 12 ） 1．表現主義。 答：①具有整體暗示象征特征。小說藝術特色主要表現在兩個方面： 第一，現實主義的現代主義相結合。而傳統(tǒng)文學強調，文學要再現和模仿生活。” 5.百年孤獨 的作者是哥倫比亞最著名的作家，也是魔幻現實主義文學的杰出代表 .作品中描寫了布恩迪亞家族 7 代人的坎坷命運 ,反映了拉美近百年的歷史和社會現實。《惡心》的問世及成功 ，標志著薩特存在主義哲學的體系的確立。但空軍大隊指揮官卡斯卡特一次次任意提 高執(zhí)行任務的指標，致使飛行員各個得了恐懼癥。這部小說的喜劇色彩非常濃，夸張變形的幽默諷刺死亡的恐懼、對瘋狂世界的絕望態(tài)度，都使人心情沉重。 D 要求瓦解敘事。s disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade。 a circle is circumscribed about a polygon if all the vertices of the polygon lie on the circumference. The length of the circumference C of a circle is equal to π (see pi) times twice the radius distance r, or C=2πr. The area A bounded by a circle is given by A=πr2. Greek geometry left many unsolved problems about circles, including the problem of squaring the circle, ., constructing a square with an area equal to that of a given circle, using only a straight edge and pass。, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollock39。新小說家主要熱衷于探索沒有被別的小說家實踐過的小說形式和主題，而對傳統(tǒng)小說一概否定。 6． 局外人 不僅是加繆的成名作 ,也是代表作 .主人公莫爾索是作者反映 _“