【正文】 D迷宮里的將軍 三．簡答題 ( 45 ) 1．簡述薩特存在主義戲劇的最大特點是什么 ? 答 :薩特的存在主義戲劇區(qū)別于傳統(tǒng)戲劇的最大特點 ,就在于“境遇”二字 .它們不是傳統(tǒng)戲劇的原則處理環(huán)境與人物的關(guān)系 ,而是讓環(huán)境支配人物 .給人物 提供一定的環(huán)境 ,讓人物在特定的環(huán)境中選擇自己的行動 ,造就自己的本質(zhì) ,表現(xiàn)自己的性格和命運 .就是說 ,要在戲劇舞臺 上展現(xiàn)人物的境遇 ,以及在特定的境遇中 ,劇中人所進行的“自由選擇”。如作品《禁閉》《墻》等都是在特定的“境遇”中發(fā)生的。 答：海勒小說的創(chuàng)作具有重要意義。他注意發(fā)掘社會重大主題，揭示現(xiàn)代社會中使人受到摧殘和折磨的異己力量，具有象征意義。他在表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實時有憤怒，但他用解嘲的態(tài)度減輕痛苦，以無可奈何的心情接受既成的現(xiàn)實，但并沒有想改變這個世界。認為傳統(tǒng)小說反映的真實只是一種膚淺的真實，無法揭示一個客觀世界。 C 他們不在 探索小說的意義，要消解深度，寫“表面小說”。打破傳統(tǒng)的完整的敘事方式，小說的表現(xiàn)方式為“現(xiàn)在進行時” 。 四．論述《日瓦格醫(yī)生》這部作品中所表現(xiàn)出的精神內(nèi)涵。小說寫的是一個俄國知識分子在十月革命前后動蕩年代的命運。用他的話說；我是非常贊成革命的，可是我現(xiàn)在覺得，用暴力是什么也得不到的，應(yīng)該以善為善。正是這個意義上，帕斯捷爾納克代表了俄羅斯知識分子所固有的一種內(nèi)在精神：對苦難的堅韌承受，對精神生活的關(guān)注，對靈魂凈化的向往，對人的尊嚴(yán)的捍衛(wèi)，對完美的人性的追求。 5 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?！ 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ‘effector’ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and nonnerve cells. This process is termed ‘chemical neurotransmission’ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ‘cholinergic’. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the socalled motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a mand is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds。 in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nervetonerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In postsynaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the plex of receptor bined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as ‘nicotinic’。 and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and bees packaged into membranebound vesicles . After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft . For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate a receptor protein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Up