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ern executive and employee of private enterprises, in the same manner as it holds for the state official. 官僚制的特征 7 ? ( 九個方面 ) ? ( 1) 擔任職務變成了一種職業(yè) , 人員的任用依據(jù)資格條件 , 學歷 、 專業(yè) 、 經(jīng)驗和能力; 合理合法的人事行政制度 ? Office holding is a “vocation”. This is shown, first, in the requirement of a firmly prescribed course of training, which demands the entire capacity for work for a long period of time, and in the generally prescribed and special examinations which are prerequisites of employment. 合理合法的人事行政制度 ? (2) 合理安排人員的職位 , 充分發(fā)揮人的才能; ? (3)職務是通過自由的契約關系來承擔的 , 個人有權脫離組織 , 但組織不能隨意解雇或者調(diào)動公職人員 ? (4)每一個職務有明確的權責范圍 , 任職要求 合理合法的人事行政制度 ? (5)組織應該有明確固定的貨幣工資制度 。 工資按照級別 、 責任大小 、 年齡 、 社會地位來確定 ? (6)根據(jù)優(yōu)劣進行獎懲 ? (7) 身份是終身性質(zhì)的 , 業(yè)績資歷晉升 (8) 職位不能隨意轉(zhuǎn)讓和繼承 (9)行政人員受到嚴格的控制和監(jiān)督,不能濫用權力 終身任職,業(yè)績資歷晉升 The position of the official is held for life, at least in public bureaucracies。 and this is increasingly the case for all similar structures. 業(yè)績資歷晉升 ? The official is set for a “career” within the hierarchical order of the public service .He moves from the lower ,less important ,and lower paid to the higher positions. The average official naturally desires a mechanical fixing of the