生產(chǎn)和企業(yè)組織(1)(編輯修改稿)
2025-06-19 03:13 本頁面
【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 es. 28 規(guī)模報酬遞減 ? Decreasing returns to scale occurs when a balanced (平衡的 ) increase of all inputs leads to a lessthanproportional (更小的比例 ) increase in total output. a b Firm K L R Q aK aL aR bQ 29 導(dǎo)致規(guī)模報酬遞減的原因 ? Causes of diseconomies (不經(jīng)濟(jì) ) of scale: ? plant may get too big for effective management。 ? workers may begin to feel alienated (疏遠(yuǎn)的 ) from their jobs. 30 美國的汽車工業(yè) ? In recent years, GM – the world’s largest corporation – has found itself with both a declining market share (市場份額 ) and a substantial (實(shí)際上的 ) cost disadvantage (成本劣勢 ). ? In fact, GM’s labor costs per car are nearly $800 more than Ford’s and $500 more than Chrysler’s. 31 生產(chǎn)力 ? Economists often think that most production activities should be able to attain constant returns to scale. ? If increasing returns prevailed (流行 ), the larger scale of inputs and production would lead to greater productivity. ? 生產(chǎn)力進(jìn)步是現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的主要動力和形式，也是導(dǎo)致各國經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力差異的重要原因。 32 短期和長期 ? We define the short run (短期 ) as a period in which firms can adjust production by changing variable factors (可變要素 ) such as materials and labor but cannot change fixed factors (固定要素 ) such as capital. ? The long run (長期 ) is a period sufficiently long so that all factors including capital can be adjusted. 33 “短期和長期”的說明 ? 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)意義上的短期和長期不是以時間長短劃分的。 ? 當(dāng)一個農(nóng)戶的土地面積給定時，他的經(jīng)營就是短期的。如果他每半年就可以重新決定租用多少土地，那么半年以上的時間對他來說就是長期的。 ? 對于一個汽車制造廠，如果在三年的時間里無法建設(shè)新的生產(chǎn)流水線，那么三年的時間對它來說就屬于短期生產(chǎn)。 34 技術(shù)變革 ? Technological change refers to improvements (改進(jìn) ) in the processes for producing goods and services, changes in old products, or introduction (引入 ) of new products. ? Process innovation (工藝創(chuàng)新 ): new engineering knowledge improves production techniques for existing products. ? Product innovation (產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新 ): new or improved products are introduced in the marketplace (市場 ). 35 技術(shù)變革改變生產(chǎn)函數(shù) 1995 Technology 2021 Technology Input Total product Technological change shifts production function upward. 36 新產(chǎn)品的生長曲線 市場份額 時間 100% P = 1＋ e－ (b＋ at) 1 37 產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新 Time Seeing and hearing product Radio TV Multimedia Xproduct 38 背景知識 ? 技術(shù)進(jìn)步的機(jī)制：是計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)還是市場經(jīng)濟(jì)具有優(yōu)勢？ ? 在社會產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)簡單的歷史條件下，計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)具有一定的優(yōu)勢，但具有較大的政治風(fēng)險。 ? 在產(chǎn)品多樣化而且更新更替速度加快的歷史條件下，市場經(jīng)濟(jì)具有明顯的優(yōu)勢。 39 總量生產(chǎn)函數(shù) ? Q is the total output。 K is the capital。 L is the labor. ? The famous CobbDouglas production function: Q = F(K, L) Y= 40 CD 生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的規(guī)模收益 Y= 2Y=A(2K)(2L) ≈A() ≈()
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