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A:? 8 OffBalancesheet Risk The risk incurred by an FI due to activities related to contingent assets and liabilities – Types: Credit substitutes (., standby line of credits, loan mitments, loan guarantees) and positions on derivatives – The OBS activities could eventually appear in the future Balance Sheet – Examples: Defaulted guaranteed loan (would appear as a liability of the FI). If a Finance Company (FC) has credit guarantees by an insurance pany to back the FC’s mercial paper and it defaults ? the insurance pany will have to pay the FC debts. 9 Subprime crisis ? Many Subprime mortgagebacked securities were held in offbalance sheet vehicles of . Banks. – Funded mostly by asset backed mercial paper to money market funds and other investors – Those funds stopped buying paper during last quarter of 2021. originating a liquidity crisis to the . banks 10 Technology and Operational Risk “It is the risk of losses resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, and systems or from external events” (BIS) It includes technology system, anizational behaviour and other legal aspects of managing an FI, as well as reputational risk and strategic risk. ? Technology Risk. Risk that technology investment fails to produce anticipated cost savings. ? Operational Risk. Risk that technology or support systems may fail. – Examples? 11 Foreign Exchange Risk The risk that exchange rate (XR) changes can affect the value of