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Shakespeare?s Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ?twere, the mirror up to nature” (). 這里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來(lái)自劇本第三幕第二場(chǎng)的 21 至 23 行。(注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)的使用。) ( 2)在引用 詩(shī)歌時(shí)應(yīng)標(biāo)出 引文的節(jié)、行,如: When Homer?s Odysseus es to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (). 這里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來(lái)自詩(shī)歌第 10 節(jié)的 209 至 211 行。對(duì)不分節(jié)的詩(shī)第一次引用時(shí)應(yīng)說(shuō)明括號(hào)里標(biāo)的是行數(shù),使用 “ line” ,以后的引用則不需再說(shuō)明。例如: 第一次引用: (lines 58) 以后的引用: (1213) ( 3) 在 引用有章節(jié)、分冊(cè)的小說(shuō)的時(shí)候,應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文所在的頁(yè)碼、冊(cè)數(shù)、章節(jié),如: One of Kingsolver?s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel plains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117。 bk. 2, ch. 10). 13 例子里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來(lái)自該書第二冊(cè)第十章的第 117 頁(yè)。(注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)和縮略語(yǔ)的使用。) ( 4) 在引用《圣經(jīng)》、《可蘭經(jīng)》等經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)的時(shí)候,應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文的篇、章、節(jié),如: Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. ). 例子里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來(lái)自舊約《圣經(jīng)》的《箴言》篇第 25 章第 21節(jié)。《圣經(jīng)》各篇的縮寫有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的寫法,因而使用時(shí)應(yīng)該注意核對(duì)。 對(duì)引語(yǔ)文字的更改 直接引語(yǔ)如出現(xiàn)在正文中間,使用引語(yǔ)的句子不得違反英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法,不得出現(xiàn) “ 句中句 ” 。圖 右邊一欄兩句句子均包含了引語(yǔ),但均不合語(yǔ)法。 正確 : So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter[ing] effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63). 正確 : Max Luthi points out that the first apparent thing in the fairytale is that it portrays its hero as “isolated” and often as “an old child” (59). 錯(cuò)誤 : So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63). 錯(cuò)誤 : Max Luthi points out: “The first thing that is apparent in the fairytale …is that it portrays its hero as isolated. He is often an old child” (59). 為了使含直接引語(yǔ)的句子合乎語(yǔ)法,往往有必要對(duì)引語(yǔ)的文字作一定的更 改。如果要?jiǎng)h除引語(yǔ)中個(gè)別詞句,可以用省略號(hào) ( ellipses“… ”)取代 刪除的詞句 。如果要加入或者更改個(gè)別單詞或者詞組,則可以將需要加入或者更改的單詞或詞組放在方括號(hào)( square brackets“[ ]”)以內(nèi)。例如: 刪除詞句: He stated, “The ?placebo effect,? ... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith, 1982, p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied. 14 添加詞組: Smith (1982:276) found that “the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [his own and others?] behaviors were studied in this manner.” 無(wú)論刪改還是添加字詞均不得變更引語(yǔ)的原意。 注意:如果刪除是在句內(nèi),應(yīng)該空一格以后再加省略 號(hào)。如果刪除是在一句整句以后,則應(yīng)在該整句最后的標(biāo)點(diǎn)(句號(hào)、問(wèn)號(hào)或驚嘆號(hào))不空格直接加省略號(hào)。省略號(hào)應(yīng)該用三個(gè)句點(diǎn)。 腳注 ( footnotes) 的使用 在 MLA 的規(guī)范里,腳注只應(yīng)在下列兩種情況中考慮使用:( 1)提供有一定重要性、但寫入正文將有損文本條理和邏輯的解釋性信息;( 2)提供因篇幅過(guò)大不宜使用 括號(hào)夾注注明的 文獻(xiàn)出處信息。腳注應(yīng)該使用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字編號(hào)上標(biāo),每頁(yè)重新開始。在下面兩個(gè)例子中,前一個(gè)屬第一種情況,后一種屬第二種情況: The mentary of the sixteenthcentury literary scholars Bernardo Segni and Lionardo Salviati shows them to be lessthanfaithful followers of Aristotle1. Technological advancements have brought advantages as well as unexpected problems2. ————————————— Notes 1 Examples are conveniently available in Weinberg. See Segni, Rettorica et poetica d39。Aristotile (Firenze, 1549) 281, qtd. in Weinberg 1:405, and Salviati, Poetica d39。Aristotle parafrasata e ata, 1586, ms. , Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Firenze, 140v, qtd. in Weinberg 1:61617. 2 For a sampling of materials that reflect the range of experiences related to recent technological changes, see Moulthrop, pars. 3953。 Armstrong, Yang, and Cuneo 8082。 Craner 30811. (第二個(gè)例子中 “ Moulthrop, pars. 3953” 中的 “ pars” 指的是 “ 段落 ” 即 paragraph。) 在腳注 中提到的文獻(xiàn)同正文中提到的一樣,都必須在正文后面的參考文獻(xiàn)著錄中 15 詳細(xì)注明。 腳注可使用單倍行距,但相鄰腳注之間應(yīng)空 行。腳注的字體必須與正文一樣。 參考文獻(xiàn)著錄的格式 參考文獻(xiàn)著錄在 MLA 規(guī)范里叫做 Works Cited,本節(jié)僅提供部分著錄實(shí)例,供參考。 著錄已出版的文章 一位作者寫的文章 Stewart, Donald C. “What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?” College Composition and Communication 40 (1989): 188202. 注意:( 1)在 MLA 規(guī)范里,作者的姓名應(yīng)完整,應(yīng)標(biāo)明首名的全稱和中間名的首字母。( 2)在 MLA 規(guī)范里,期刊名與期刊卷數(shù)之間不用逗號(hào)。( 3)按 MLA的規(guī)范,標(biāo)題第一個(gè)詞和冒號(hào)后第一個(gè)詞的首字母均必須大寫,而其余每一個(gè)詞的首字母,除冠詞、介詞、并列連詞以及不定式符號(hào)( “ to” )以外都必須大寫。 兩位作者寫的文章 Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H. Potter. “Inference Deficits in RightBrain Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27 (1986): 31021. Tulving, E., amp。 Schacter, D. L.. Priming and human memory systems. Science 247 (1990): 301305. 兩位以上的作者寫的文章 MasciaLees, Frances E., Pat Sharpe, and Colleen B. Cohen. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 10114. 第一作者以姓氏開始 ( 加上逗號(hào) ), 繼以名字或者名字的首字母 , 但是從第二作者開始 , 在 MLA 規(guī)范里以名字開始 , 繼以姓氏。 如果作者人數(shù)超過(guò)三人 , 也可以考慮僅保留第一作者的名字 , 加上 et a