【正文】 and distribution that link them to other participants (suppliers and customers) in the value chain . A series of environmental practices has been identified or suggested for the management of physical flows that enter and leave an industrial organization, not only in the literature focused specifically on logistics , but also from the perspective of purchasing management or from the more generic and integrating perspective of the supply chain. Transportation is another aspect of logistics with considerable environmental impact . One of the easiest measures to improve environmental performance in this area consists of 長春大學光華學院 畢業(yè)設計（論文）譯文紙 共 13 頁 第 1 頁 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ prioritizing shipment consolidation in the planning and programming of flows . This allows the capacity of the vehicles used to be maximized and the emission of contaminating gases reduced. Another, more strategic measure,or the hiring of rail transport instead of road transport are some examples of environmental actions in this sense. In the logistics of storage, manipulation and distribution, the aspects related to the packing,packaging and bottling of products are the ones with the most impact on the natural we must distinguish between primary, secondary and transport packaging (Livingstone and Sparks, 1994). The first refers to the direct packaging of the product, which the consumer uses until the product is consumed. The second refers to any additional packaging (boxes, bags…)used frequently with promotional aims or to facilitate the bined purchase of several units of the same product. Transportation packaging refers to the packaging used to facilitate the moving and storage of products (containers, boxes, pallets…). Primary and secondary packaging is what most directly affects the consumers’ intention of purchase, and therefore its modification responds more to mercial criteria than to logistic criteria. Efforts in this sense are usually focused on reducing the packaging and using recyclable materials or containers. Second， the role of stakeholder pressure and managerial values In this section we analyze the role of stakeholder pressure and managerial motivation in the implementation of environmental logistics practices. Four research hypotheses are assumption, which turns out to be quite evident for the tactical practices considered in this analysis, has received empirical support for the case of more strategic practices such as the integration of suppliers and customers .It implies that those contingencies that stimulate panies to reduce their environmental impact can also induce the adoption of environmental practices in logistics. (One)Stakeholder Environmental Pressure Stakeholders are individuals and groups which can affect the pany’s performance or who are affected by a firm’s actions (Freeman, 1984). Clarkson (1995) distinguishes between primary stakeholders, those without whose participation and support the organization cannot survive(suppliers, governments), and secondary stakeholders, which affect and are affected by the organization but are not engaged in transactions with it and are not essential for its survival(. media, nongovernmental organizations). As regards corporate social responsibility and, in particular, environmental responsibility,stakeholders demand integrity, respect, standards, transparency and 長春大學光華學院 畢業(yè)設計（論文）譯文紙 共 13 頁 第 2 頁 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ accountability . In fact, the environmental mitment of a firm implies harmonizing environmental performance with stakeholders’ expectations . There is certain empirical evidence to this respect. Although with some nuances, the results of support the idea that environmental proactivity is associated with higher pressures from organizational stakeholders (. customers, suppliers, employees,shareholders) and munity stakeholders (. nongovernmental organizations, social groups),whereas environmental reactivity is associated with higher pressures from regulatory stakeholders (. governments, trade associations) and the media. introduced the distinction between internal primary stakeholders (employees, shareholders and financial institutions) and external primary stakeholders (customers and suppliers) and observed that only the former group motivates environmental proactivity. This result was explained by arguing that the sample studied consisted of producers of intermediate products and had scarce consumer practices in the hotel industry responds to a higher stakeholder pressure. influence as a contextual variable which was measured by two constructs: public interaction, which assessed to what extent ma nagers gather opinions from and provide environmental information to the public。 本文旨在回答利益相關者的壓力和管理的價值觀和信念，在實施這些環(huán)境的物流實踐中所發(fā)揮的作用作出貢獻這個問題。二是指經常使用的或方便購買同一產品的多個單位聯合任何額外的包裝（盒，袋 ...）。這意味著一個價值鏈的整體意見，并負責產品在其整個使用壽命。 至于企業(yè)的社會責任，特別是環(huán)境責任，利益相關者需要誠信，尊重，標準，透明度和 問 責制。 利益相關者的企業(yè)環(huán)境戰(zhàn)略的激勵的重要性的另一個理由是，其中的好處歸因于環(huán)境的積極性，恰恰是有改善的關系，在與不同利益相關者，甚至可能影響，其中一些 利益相關者。由于企業(yè)社會責任的一個方面是對環(huán)保的承諾，這一結果與組織內的人的價值觀和信仰 有關 ，影響采購的環(huán)保措施的發(fā)展是一致的。 （四） 管理價值觀的調節(jié)作用 至于第二個問題，評估壓力的反應，它可能會被認為 是 最 有 環(huán)保意識的經理，將有可能面對更大的環(huán)境需求，引進環(huán)保做法。此過程共 186 份有效問卷，占全球的％的回應率 ，符合率分別為 ％， ％和 ％，化工，電子設備和家具等行業(yè)，這反過來又產生了。因此，標記為政府的壓力和非政府的壓力因素 ，分別。這個變量被列入控制 執(zhí)行環(huán)境的做法和取得的優(yōu)異的可用性從大公司的資源優(yōu)勢，規(guī)模經濟的效果。這個變量通過主成分分析，從 6 點李克特量表的 5 個先進的生產和經營管理的做法額定的執(zhí)行程度：全面質量管理，先進的制造技術，只是在時間，信息技術為主的綜合性建為有效保護等管理系統，并與供應商的合作。此外，這