【正文】 工作 ,就很難 制定與 改進 ,以及 在 使用信息的基礎(chǔ)上 ,在教學(xué)過程中施工招標(biāo)學(xué)校仍將對外開放 此 問題 因此，應(yīng)解決以下問題： 那些基本任務(wù)是參與投標(biāo)的計算過程，到什么程度，他們在準(zhǔn)備投標(biāo)時所需的時間消耗，在投標(biāo)過程中涉及哪些基本階段的角色？ 如何計算施工投標(biāo)風(fēng)險 ？ 在何種程度上是申辦系統(tǒng)性質(zhì)的計算過程 ？ 在實踐中 沒有解釋， 引導(dǎo)或辯護的一種新方法的發(fā)展情況的實證工作，似乎是不可避免的惡性循環(huán)。其次 ， 確定承包商實際風(fēng)險在整個投標(biāo)報價過程 ，需要一個全面的方法捕捉定價活動 ，關(guān)注承包商聚在一起定價時的行為，了解他們的特征， 包括建立 在 意外事故 上 分?jǐn)傦L(fēng)險程度和他們所使用的機制 。 一般研究方法 13 為了達到目的，有三樣?xùn)|西是必須的。分析風(fēng)險模型可能是有用的。這里也沒有提及任何 實證研究，實際上承包商 應(yīng)做什么 。 60 多個系統(tǒng)和合理的方法已被提議作為邏輯替代傳統(tǒng)的，直觀的，無章可循的方法用于評估和風(fēng)險定價（ Laryea 和休斯 2020）。 11 在本質(zhì)上，他們通過給他人在供應(yīng)鏈的風(fēng)險?？柛ヌ? （ 1995 年）和 Kwakye（ 1997 年） 表明，建設(shè)項目大多是復(fù)雜的，有一個生產(chǎn)周期長，涉及許多與會者的 參與 。康諾利（ 2020）解釋說，風(fēng)險成本，有時是災(zāi)難性的。 背景 風(fēng)險是 不確定性商業(yè) 的一部分（弗拉納根和諾曼 1993 年 。管理最終將嘗試在球場投標(biāo)價之間的成本和價值，以贏得工作。風(fēng)險評估應(yīng)該有一個承包商的定價策略上的嚴(yán)重影響，但其他因素也影響價格。然而，幾個承包商的實證研究已表明，他們在實踐中很少使用 TAH 等研究 [7 個承建商在英國（ 1994 年）；在英國 30 個研究 Akintoye 和MacLeod（ 1997）； 12 個在美國史密斯和博恩（ 1999）研究； 84 個 Akintoye 和菲茨杰拉德（ 2020 年）在英國學(xué)習(xí)； 38 個在香港黃惠（ 2020）研究，以及在香港 60 個陳和金（ 2020） ]研究。部分投標(biāo)價格 12%的風(fēng)險津貼和三個層次的風(fēng)險分?jǐn)傇谕稑?biāo)中確 定。 ? to ascertain how contractors actually account for risk in the bidding process (., practice)。 Skitmore 1989。 Fischer and Jordan 1996). Portfolio theory and capital market theory stipulate that total risk consists of 3 two types of risk (Fischer and Jordan 1996). First, systematic risk, which cannot be controlled, emanates from external factors such as acts of God, natural disasters, market risk, interestrate risk, and purchasingpower risk. Second, unsystematic risk, which can be controlled, relates to organizationspecific factors such as business risk and financial risk. These forms of risk are fundamental to the construction (internal and external risk) and the insurance (pure and speculative risk) industries. [See, for example, a study on risk allocation in tenders by Tah et al. (1993) and the textbook about insurance by Dorfman (2020).] As shown in the financial analysis textbook by Fischer and Jordan (1996), one way of pricing a product to meet expected profit is to quantify risk and build a required rate of return that represents a riskless rate plus pensation for individual risk factors. Connolly (2020) explained that risk has cost, which can sometimes be catastrophic. However, it is not easy to predict or to price risk, as shown in a survey of the top 400 . contractors, which revealed that pricing is a plex and difficult task for entrepreneurs (Mochtar and Arditi 2020). According to a conceptual study by Mulholland and Christian (1999) in which an analytical approach was proposed for risk assessment in construction schedules, construction projects are initiated in plex and dynamic environments, resulting in circumstances of high uncertainty and risk, which are pounded by demanding time constraints. Flanagan and Nor man (1993) explained that every construction project is unique in its features and risk. However, risk is not unique to the construction sector, as explained in the textbook about subjective probability by Wright and Ayton (1994). In the definitive guidance on economic theory and the construction industry, the writers observed that it is more often the way a set of factors bine to affect construction work that makes the industry unique (Hillebrandt 1985). In a historical overview of the construction industry, Hughes and Hillebrandt (2020, p. 508–510) showed that these factors relate to the economic, contractual, political, and physical environments in which construction projects take place, and they tend to affect the way construction work is described, awarded, and documented. These factors include the necessity to price the product before production, petitive tendering, low fixedcapital requirements, preliminary expenses, delays to cash inflow, the tendency to operate with too little working capital, seasonal effects, price fluctuations, government intervention, the activity related to development, uncertain ground conditions, unpredictable weather, and no performance liability or longterm guarantees. These factors are 4 also explained in Calvert et al. (1995) and Kwakye (1997) who also show that construction projects are mostly plex, have a long production cycle, and involve the input of many participants. In some aspects of construction management (., Baloi and Price 2020, p. 262, and Ahmed et al. 2020, p. 4), researchers have argued that contractors are poor at managing risk, simply because the experientialbased mechanisms they are reported to use in approaching risk are not systematic in nature. However, this assertion does not ring true, in the light of other descriptions of the construction sector. A historical overview of the construction industry by Hughes and Hillebrandt (2020, p. 511) shows that from the early part of th nieenth century, contractors have responded to risks in the construction industry by using various means. Most contractors have resorted to the construction of speculative housing in the nieenth and twentieth centuries to sustain the labor force and business costs through the peaks and troughs of contracted work. A growing tendency exists for contractors to use